• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.451-461
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• 1993

Four hundred and eighty broiler chicks of both sexes were obtained from commercial hatchery (Hubbard) and raised on floor pens. All chicks were allowed free access to food from 0 to 7 and 20 to 56 days of age. At 7 days of age, all broilers were weighed individually, and divided into five groups as follows: 1. feed ad libitum as the control; 2. allowed free access to food 3 days and starved 1 day ($3{\times}1$); 3. allowed free access to food 2 days and starved 1 day ($2{\times}1$); 4. allowed free access to food 1 day and starved 1 days ($1{\times}1$) and; 5. allowed free access to food 2 days and starved 2 days ($2{\times}2$). Broilers were restricted for 12 days (d 7 through 17) of a 56-day trial. Broilers were fed a commercial starter diet (crude protein 23.8% and ME 3,070 kcal/kg) for 21 days, and commercial finisher diet (crude protein 20% and ME 3,160 kcal/kg) from 22 to 56 days of age. Although there was compensatory growth in some groups, (the $1{\times}1$ female group, and the $3{\times}1$ and $2{\times}1$ male grous), its level was not sufficient to achieve normal body weight at market age. There was sexual dimorphism for accelerated growth as well as differences in the ability to achieve a complete compensation of growth to the weight, feed conversion ratio, and body composition of ad libitum chicks. Early feed restriction could be used to reduce production cost because of the lower fed conversion ratio, mortality rate and the amount of starter diet consumed by broilers. The response of chicks to early feed restriction might depend on the degree of feed restriction, the method of feed restriction, duration of feed restriction, and sexes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.401-410
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• 1993

Day-old male and female broilers obtained from commercial strain (Hubbard) were used in this study. At 7 days of age, all chicks were weighed individually (female 0.11 kg and male 0.12 kg in average) and divided into 5 group of 45 birds each group with no replicate in each treatment group as follows: 1. fed ad libitum; 2. fed 75% ad libitum; 3. fed 65% ad libitum; 4. fed 55% ad libitum; 5. fed 45% ad libitum. Chicks were restricted for 10 days (d 7 through 17) of a 56-day trial. Chicks were fed a commercial starter diet (crude protein (CP) 23.8% and metabolizable energy (ME) 3,070 kcal/kg) for 21 days, and commercial finisher diet (CP 20% and ME 3,160 kcal/kg) from 22 to 56 days of age. When chicks were feed-restricted at an early age, compensatory growth did not immediately occur following refeeding. Body weights of restricted chicks were not equal to the ad libitum chicks before 49 days of age. At 56 dyas of age, body weights of restricted chicks were heavier (p<0.01). Abdominal fat values of female chicks fed ad libitum was not significantly different from those fed 45% to 75% ad libitum. Carcass fat values of restricted female chicks were lower than those of control chicks when female chicks were fed either 55% or 45% ad libitum. Furthermore, feed efficiencies of restricted chicks were better. The response of chicks to early feed restriction might depend on the degree of feed restriction, and sex. Factors contributing carcass fat included energy loss, fat protein ratio of carcass, fatty acid synthesis in the liver and triglyceride content of the liver. The heavier body weights in the restricted chicks might be correlated with the lower growth rate during period of feed restriction.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2006

본 연구는 제한급여를 해야 하는 번식 후보돈에서 배합사료량을 줄이고 조사료인 호맥 사일리지를 급여하였을 때 후보돈의 생산성, 첫 발정시기, 종부시기 및 임신율에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 후보모돈(Landrace ×Yorkshire) 24두를 공시하였으며, 시험 개시시 평균체중은 67.63±1.17kg 이었고 사양시험은 49일간 실시하였다. 시험설계는 1) CON(basal diet), 2) S15(15% feed restriction+ad libitum rye silage), 3) S30(30% feed restriction+ad libitum rye silage)로 3처리로 하였다. 일당증체량과 일당사료섭취량에서는 모든 처리구에 비해 배합사료를 무제한 급여한 CON구가 가장 높았다(P<0.05). S15구와 S30구의 호맥 사일리지의 섭취량은 통계적인 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 사료요구율에서는 CON구가 다른 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 낮은 결과를 보였다(P<0.05). 호맥 사일리지를 섭취한 S15와 S30처리구의 평균 호맥 사일리지 섭취량은 시간이 경과할수록 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 임신율에 있어서는 제한급여와 호맥 사일리지를 무제한 급여한 S15구와 S30구에서 모든 후보돈이 임신하였으나, 자유채식한 CON구에서는 상대적으로 낮은 임신율을 보였다. 첫 발정시기와 종부시기에서도 호맥 사일리지를 급여한 S15구와 S30구가 대조구와 비교하여 기간이 단축되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1581-1586
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• 2009

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of two types of housing systems and early age feed restriction on stress and fear reactions, and performance in broiler chickens raised in a hot, humid tropical climate. On day 1, chicks were housed either in windowless environmentally controlled chambers (temperature was set at 32$^{\circ}C$ on day 1 and gradually reduced to 23$^{\circ}C$ by day 21) or in conventional open-sided houses (OH) with cyclic temperatures (minimum, 24$^{\circ}C$; maximum, 34$^{\circ}C$). An equal number of chicks from each housing system was subjected to either ad libitum feeding (AL) or 60% feed restriction on day 4, 5 and 6 (FR). The CH birds showed greater weight gain, higher feed consumption and better feed conversion ratios (FCR) than their OH counterparts. Feeding regimen had negligible effect on overall performance. Neither housing nor feeding regimen had a significant (p<0.05) effect on mortality rate. Although the CH birds were less stressed, as measured by plasma corticosterone concentration (CORT), than those of OH, the former showed longer TI duration suggesting higher magnitude of underlying fearfulness. A significant (p<0.05) effect of housing on heterophil/lymphocyte ratios was only noted among the AL birds where the CH birds had higher values than OH. Collectively, these results suggest that although OH birds had poorer performance and higher level of stress than CH, the former were less fearful. Although FR had negligible effect on growth performance, the regimen alleviated both stress and fear reactions in broilers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.1585-1591
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• 2001

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of early feed restriction on growth, fat accumulation and meat composition in unsexed broiler chickens. Five hundred 7-day old unsexed broiler chickens were distributed into ten treatment groups with 5 pens of 10 broilers each group. One group was fed ad libitum as the control group and other nine groups were fed 25% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days, 50% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days, and 75% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days, respectively. Thereafter, they were fed ad libitum to 56 days of age. The present results showed that broilers showed compensatory growth when they were restrict-refed. Feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 9 days (p<0.05). Triglyceride concentration of serum was significantly lower in restricted unsexed broilers (p <0.01), whereas cholesterol concentration was not significantly different. Abdominal fat was significantly lower in broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 9 days, 50% ad libitum for 3 days and 75% ad libitum for 6 or 9 days (p<0.05). Moisture and protein contents of meats were not significantly affected. Ash content of meat was significantly higher in restricted broilers. Fat content of meat was lower in broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 9 days, 75% ad libitum for 3 to 9 days. In conclusion, broilers showed compensatory growth when they were restrict-refed at an early age. In order to achieve the success of early feed restriction (namely reduce fat accumulation and improve feed conversion ratio with comparable body weight at market age), unsexed broilers should be fed at level of 25 ad libi=tum for 9 days starting at 7 days of age.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.430-437
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• 2012

The effects of low temperature and starvation on the physiochemical characteristics of the muscle of the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, were examined. Fish were deprived of feed for 28 days at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and $20^{\circ}C$ in order to establish suitable conditions for live fish transportation. Throughout most of the 4 weeks of feed restriction, the physiochemical characteristics of the muscle of olive flounder were found to be dependent on the acclimation temperature. The breaking strength of muscle did not show a significant reduction during feed restriction at 2 and $4^{\circ}C$. With increasing temperatures, however, the breaking strength of muscle differed significantly according to the individual and feed restriction period (P<0.05). The moisture content in muscle acclimated at 10, 12, and $20^{\circ}C$ increased steadily over the feed-restriction period, while the crude lipid content decreased during the same period (P<0.05). At water temperatures above $2-8^{\circ}C$, no significant differences were shown during the same period. After it reached 6, 8, 10, 12, and $20^{\circ}C$, the muscle had an accumulation of lactate, and a loss of ATP. There was no change in the lactate or ATP content during the feed restriction period at 2 and $4^{\circ}C$, although there were differences among the water temperature groups. These results clearly show that temperature can have an important influence on the of muscle of physiochemical characteristics of muscle during live fish transportation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.657-664
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• 1997

432 Babcock ISA white leghorn pullets reared for 8 weeks on a standard managemental conditions were exposed to feed/nutrient and light restrictions from 9 to 20 weeks of age. Four feeding regimes i. e. 100, 85 or 70 percent of the recommended allowance and low energy (2,500 Kcal/kg) low protein (13% CP) ration were fed each in the three light regimes i. e. (A) Natural day light starting from 13.24 hr/day at 8 weeks of age and ending 10.41 hr/day at the end of 20 weeks; (B) Constant 11 hr/day light and (C) starting with 13 hr/day at 8 weeks and decreasing @ 20 min/week till 20 weeks of age. At the age of 20 weeks all the birds were shifted to separate cages under uniform lighting feeding and management. During the 21st week light was increased to 12 hr a day and thereafter with an increase of 30 min per week, increased to 16 hr a day at the age of 29 weeks. From 20 weeks onward till 72 week age, all the birds were offered commercial layer rations ad libitum, prepared according to climatic conditions. The results of the study revealed that birds reared under natural and constant light had higher weights than decreasing light, yet they could not out perform during production period. The effect of feed and nutrient restriction, on the other hand, was found significant during rearing as well as production period. The birds exposed to higher level of feed and those exposed to nutrient restriction were lighter in weight. The 100% fed birds laid their first egg at an early age. However, those reared on 85% of the recommendation excelled all other groups in terms of produced number of eggs, egg mass, hen housed and hen day production and net returns.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.236-244
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• 2020

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of quantitative feed restriction on nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, efficiency and feeding behavior, and productive performance in F1 Holstein/Zebu cows during the middle third of their lactation. Methods: Sixty F1 Holstein/Zebu cows with 111.5±11.75 days of lactation and an initial body weight (BW) of 499±30 kg (mean±standard error of the mean) were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with the following diet levels of feed restriction: 3.39%, 2.75%, 2.50%, 2.25%, and 2.00% of BW, with 12 replications for each level. The experiment lasted for 63 days, of which each period lasted 21 days with the first 16 days for diet adaptation followed by 5 days for collection of data and samples. Results: For each 1% of BW diet restriction, there was a decrease in dry matter intake of 5.26 kg/d (p<0.01). There was no difference in daily milk production (p = 0.09) under the restriction levels of 3.39% to 2.0% of BW. When corrected for 3.5% fat, milk production declined (p = 0.05) 3.46 kg/d for each percentage unit of feed restriction. Conclusion: Restricting the feed supply for F1 Holstein/Zebu cows in the middle third of their lactation period altered nutrient intake, nitrogen balance and ingestive behavior but did not affect milk production or feed efficiency. However, considering the observed BW loss and decrease in milk production corrected for 3.5% fat, restriction of no less than 2.5% BW is recommended.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2003년도 제20차 정기총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.117-118
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feed restriction in early stage of growth on the compensatory growth in male and female broiler chickens. Day-old 480 male and 480 female commercial broiler chickens(Ross strain) were randomly allotted to 32 pens(replicates), 30 birds per pen, to compare the sex difference in growth performance and carcass characteristics. Birds in control group(C) were full fed throughout the study. T1, T2 and T3 were restricted at 4∼11d, 4∼14d and 4∼18d, respectively. Chickens were weighed every week, and one bird was selected from each pen to measure carcass characteristics at the end of experiment. In female chickens, all restricted-fed groups except for T3 weighed same as or heavier than the control group at 7 weeks of age. In male chickens, both T2 and T3 that had longer feed restriction period were significantly different from the control group. Viability was not different significantly. Feed intake in both male and female chickens of T3 group statistically differed from the control group. The female chicks showed larger abdominal fat pad sizes than did male birds up to market age.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1545-1549
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• 2003

Broiler chickens were subjected to (i) pre-treatment for 24 h with 1,200 ppm L-ascorbic acid in their drinking water on day 42 (AA), (ii) 60% feed restriction on days 4, 5 and 6 (FR), (iii) combination of AA and FR (AAFR), or (iv) neither treatment (control). On day 43, the birds were crated and transported in an open truck for either 60 min or 120 min. Heterophil/lymphocyte ratios (HLR) were determined prior to ($T_0$) and 20 h following the 60 min ($T_60$) and 120 min ($T_120$) journeys. Prior to transportation, all treatment groups had similar HLR. Following $T_60$, the AAFR chicks had smaller increase in HLR than their control, AA and FR counterparts. The AA, FR and AAFR birds exhibited lower HLR than controls following $T_120$. The means HLR of AA, FR and AAFR did not differ significantly. Irrespective of journey time, AA and AAFR birds had shorter tonic immobility duration than their FR and control counterparts. The tonic immobility duration of all birds increased with journey duration.