• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.527-536
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• 2009

A potent protein degrading bacterium was isolated from soil samples of different environments. Polyphasic taxonomic studies and phylogenetic 16S rRNA sequence analyses led to identify the isolate IB No. 11 as a strain of Bacillus subtilis. The isolated strain was recognized to produce protease constitutively, and the maximum production (1.64 units/ml) was attained in a shake flask culture when the isolate was grown at $40^{\circ}C$, for 32 h in basal medium supplemented with starch (0.25%) and gelatin (1.25%) as sole carbon and nitrogen source, respectively. The optimum pH and temperature for the protease activity were determined to be pH 7.0 and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$ enhanced remarkably the protease activity but neither showed positive effect on the protease's thermal stability. In addition, it was observed that the protease was fairly stable in the pH range of 6.5-8.0 and at temperatures below $50^{\circ}C$, and it could be a good candidate for an animal feed additive. The inhibition profile of the protease by various inhibitors indicated that the enzyme is a member of serine-proteases. A combination of UV irradiation and NTG mutagenesis allowed to develop a protease hyper-producing mutant strain coded as IB No. 11-4. This mutant strain produced approximately 3.23-fold higher protease activity (6.74 units/mg) than the parent strain IB No. 11 when grown at $40^{\circ}C$ for 32h in the production medium. The protease production profile of the selected mutants was also confirmed by the zymography analysis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.451-458
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• 1992

Pervaporation which is capable of removing ethanol selectively was adopted to reduce the ethanol inhibition and in situ recovery of ethanol in ethanol fermentation, The composite membrane made of silicone and polysulfone was used to separate the ethanol selectively. The ethanol selectivity of the membrane was about 4 and the total flux was 300 g/m2 h at 301:: and 10 mmHg for 25 g/l of feed concentration. Saccharomyces cerevisiae entrapped within Ca-alginate gels was employed for ethanol fermentations in a fluidized-bed bioreactor. The pervaporation membrane unit and fluidized-bed bioreactor were combined into one system. The proposed model equations for the combined system showed good accordances with the experimental results. It was found from the simulation results that the ethanol concentration in the broth for the combined system was lower than that for the continuous fermentation system without a membrane unit. Ethanol productivity can be thus increased by employing the combined system.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.251-259
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• 2013

An endoxylanase gene (PoxynA) that belongs to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 11 was cloned from a xylanolytic strain, Penicillium oxalicum B3-11(2). PoxynA was overexpressed in Trichoderma reesei QM9414 by using a constitutive strong promoter of the encoding pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc). The high extracellular xylanase activities in the fermentation liquid of the transformants were maintained 29~35-fold higher compared with the wild strain. The recombinant POXYNA was purified to homogeneity, and its characters were analyzed. Its optimal temperature and pH value were $50^{\circ}C$ and 5.0, respectively. The enzyme was stable at a pH range of 2.0 to 7.0. Using beechwood as the substrate, POXYNA had a high specific activity of $1,856{\pm}53.5$ IU/mg. In the presence of metal ions, such as $Cu^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$, the activity of the enzyme increased. However, strong inhibition of the enzyme activity was observed in the presence of $Mn^{2+}$ and $Fe^{2+}$. The recombinant POXYNA hydrolyzed birchwood xylan, beechwood xylan, and oat spelt xylan to produce short-chain xylooligosaccharides, xylopentaose, xylotriose, and xylobiose as the main products. This is the first report on the expression properties of a recombinant endoxylanase gene from Penicillium oxalicum. The properties of this endoxylanase make it promising for applications in the food and feed industries.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.41-53
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• 2020

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Silbi-san on the antioxidant and fat accumulation inhibition and to analyze the anti-obesity effect by analyzing the changes in serum lipid composition in obese mice. Methods We compared contents of phytochemicals like total polyphenols and total flavonoid and antioxidant activities such as 2,2-dipheny-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2.2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activity. After Silbi-san in 3T3-L1 cells in vitro and mouse adipose tissue ex vivo, we quantified intracellular triglyceride accumulation and lipolysis. Moreover, the anti-obesity activity though inhibiting pancreatic lipase were analyzed. In 3T3-L1 cells, morphological changes showed that control cells had many lipid while cells treated with Silbi-san had less lipid accumulation. 30% EtOH Silbi-san treatment also suppressed the fat absorption by inhibiting the activity of pancreatic lipase and led to high lipolysis through promoting glycerol release. The experimental group was divided into four groups: Normal group fed normal feed, Control group fed 60% high fat diet (HFD) and distilled water, drug group fed 60% high fat diet and 200 mg/kg of Silbi-san water extract, drug group fed 60% HFD and 200 mg/kg of Silbi-san 30% ethanol extract. Results Serum total cholesterol content and serum low density lipoprotein-cholesterol content were significantly decreased in the Silbi-san extract group compared to the control group, serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol content was significantly increased in Silbi-san extract group. Conclusions In this study, the antioxidant and fat accumulation inhibitory effects of Silbi-san were confirmed.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.125-136
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• 2019

The radish skin and radish greens are an edible part of the radish. But they are removed before eating the radish and used as a byproduct or an animal feed material because of their tough and rough texture. Melanin is a pigment that gives colour to our skin. But increased production of melanin can turn into benign or malignant tumours. These days due to global warming, the amount of Ultra violet (UVB) rays has been extensively increased with sunlight. Due to this, a phenomenon called exogenous photo aging is widely observed for all skin colour and types. As a result of this phenomenon, a set of enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases (MMP's) that serves as degradation enzymes for extracellular matrix proteins mainly collagen is increased, causing depletion in collagen and resulting in early wrinkles formation. Therefore in our study we used the murine melanoma cell line B16/F10 to study the melanogenesis inhibition by Heated radish extract (HRE) in vitro and we used HRM-2 hair less mice exposed to artificial UVB for checking the efficacy of Heated radish extract in vivo. Furthermore, we prepared a 3% Heated radish extract (HRE) cream and checked its effects on human skin. Our results have clearly demonstrated that Heated radish extract (HRE) have potently suppressed the tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16/F10 cells. It had also reduced the expression of components involved in melanin production pathway both transcriptionally and transitionally. In in vivo studies, HRE had potently suppressed the expression of MMP's and reduced the wrinkle formation and inhibited collagen degradation. Moreover, on human skin, ginseng cream increased the resilience, skin moisture and enhanced the skin tone. Therefore in light of these findings, we conclude that HRE is an excellent skin whitening and antiaging product.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.127-133
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• 2011

${\beta}$-Galactosidase was immobilized on chitosan bead by covalent bonding using glutaraldehyde. The characteristics of the immobilized enzyme were investigated. Maximum immobilization yield of 75% was obtained on chitosan bead. Optimum pH and temperature for the immobilized enzyme was 7.0 and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. The immobilized enzyme showed a broader range of pH and temperature compared to a free one. A mathematical model for the operation of the immobilized enzyme in a packed-bed reactor was established and solved numerically. Under different inlet lactose concentrations and feed flow rate conditions, lactose conversion was measured in a packed-bed reactor. The experimental results of continuous operation in a packed-bed reactor were compared to theoretic results using Michaelis-Menten kinetics with competitive product inhibition and external mass transfer resistance. The model predicted the experimental data with errors less than 5%. Process optimization of continuous operation in a packed-bed reactor was also conducted. In a recirculation packed-bed operation, conversion of lactose was 97% in 3 hours. In a continuous packed-bed operation, the effect of flow rate and initial lactose concentration was investigated. Increasing flow rates and initial lactose concentration decreased the conversion of substrate.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.453-458
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: Coleosporium plectranthi, an obligate parasite, which is responsible for the rust disease of Perilla frutescens, a plant in Korea, commonly known as Perilla. All rusts are obligate parasites, meaning that they require a living host to complete their life cycle. They generally do not kill the host plant but can severely reduce growth and yield. Food and feed spoilage fungi cause great economic losses worldwide. It is estimated that between 5 and 10% of the world food production is wasted due to fungal deterioration. Rust disease of Perilla is highly frequent and is widely spread in Korea. The present study was designed to investigate a novel media for the urediniospore germination in vitro and anti-rust activity as well as GC-MS analysis of oak pyroligneous liquor. METHOD AND RESULTS: Urediniospores were collected from the infected leaf of Perilla. Spore suspension was made and the suspension was inoculated in the 2% water agar media with proper humidity, then they were incubated at $26^{\circ}C$ for 56 hrs. The GC-MS analysis of the oak pyroligneous liquor was also done to check the chemical composition. GC-MS analysis of the wood vinegar was found 15 compounds, among them o-mthoxyphenol (25.93%), 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (16.06%), 4-methylenecyclohexanone (10.69%), 2,3-dihydroxytoluene (7.84%), levoglucosane (6.14%) and propanoic acid (5.32%) were the major components. Different concentration of the oak pyroligneous liquor was used, and spore inhibition was recorded on the basis of spore counting. The best results were noted at the concentration of 50% solution where 31.8% spores were inhibited. CONCLUSION: On the basis of the chemical composition of the oak pyroligneous liquor and the activity recorded we can use it as an anti-rust agent.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.701-710
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• 1993

The pine needles, Pinus densiflow Sieb. et Zucc., which is a feed for goats showing a low incidence rate of cancer were evaluated to confirm the potent anticancer effects, with or without several conventional anticancer drugs. The pine needles collected from Mt. Buk-Han located near Seoul were extracted with 95% methanol and methand and concentrated. From the methanol extract, SOM-A, was extracted dichlormethane and SOM-B was extracted with ethyl acetate. SOM-C was extracted with distilled water. These extracts were tested for their antitumor activities in vitro and in vivo. Among them, SOM-A and SOM-C exhibited potent antitumor activities described as belows. 1. The cytotoxic effects of SOM-A and SOM-C were examined against in vitro cultured murine and humman tumor cells. SOM-A showed strong cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines and SOM-C showed strong cytotoxicity against murine tumor cell lines tested. 2. The antitumor effects of SOM-A and SOM-C were examined against P388 and L1210 of mouse ascitic tumors. The highest mean survival time(MST) ration was 151%(P388) for SOM-C(90mg/kg). 3. To compare the antitumor effects of SOM-A, SOM-B, and SOM-C against solid tumors, S-180 and Ehrlich carcinoma were implanted subcutaneously to mice on Day O. The drugs were given intraperitoneally to mice once a day on Days 1-20, and the tumor weights were measured on Day 21. SOM-A showed inhibition of tumor growth more than 50% in the experiment on S-180 and Ehrlich, and SOM-C also markedly inhibited tumor growth. However, SOM-B had no effect. 4. SOM-C combined with ${\alpha}$-interferon and SOM-C combined with Mitomycin-C enhanced the antitumor activities against murine ascitic tumors P388 leukemia.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.191-197
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• 2022

Ammonia nitrogen can be effectively recovered from livestock manure waste, etc. by using the gas permeable membrane technology. In this case, ammonia gas in the waste passes through the pores in one-side of membrane, impregnated in waste, and then reach the opposite side of the membrane. The permeated ammonia gas molecules are captured and recovered by acid (such as sulfuric acid) in the solution existing on the opposite side of the membrane. In order to improve ammonia nitrogen removals in the inlet part, high pH should be maintained in the feed waste including ammonia nitrogen to recover, which requires the cost of the chemical. To resolve this issue, previous studies tested various methods, for example, utilization of cheap calcium hydroxide or aeration together with inhibition of unwanted nitrification. The gas permeable membranes used for the recovery of ammonia nitrogen may be characterized, not only by proper heat and chemical resistance, but also by hydrophobicity, allowing selective ammonia gas permeation through the hydrophobic membrane pores. Future research should consider the relevant pilot or upscale processes using on-site wastes with various properties, and identify the optimal design/operation conditions as well as economic feasibility improvement plans.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.405-422
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• 2024

This study investigated the resistance of domestic wood species used as wood members in general wood construction and Korean wood cultural properties to the termite Reticulitermes speratus using no-choice and two-choice tests. The results of the no-choice experiment confirmed that hardwood has higher termite resistance than that of softwood. In addition, R. speratus prefers softwood, including Abies holophylla, which has low density, is easy to feed on, and does not contain repellent extracts. In a two-choice test, Zelkova serrata was found to be the most termite-resistant wood species used in wooden cultural buildings. In addition, we investigated the effects of different wood extraction methods and their components on termite resistance. The cold-water extraction of softwood increased the feeding activity of termites; however, the cold-water extraction of hardwood had little effect on the feeding activity of termites. In natural environments with repeated exposure to moisture, such as rainfall, water-soluble extracts present in wood species are relatively more likely to dissolve and removed, making softwood more likely to be damaged by termites than hardwood. Untreated Quercus variabilis showed an extremely weak feeding activity of termites compared with that in other wood species; however, feeding termites with the alcohol-benzene extract of Q. variabilis had no inhibitory effect on their feeding activity. Therefore, we believe that the high density of Oriental cork oak wood inhibits the feeding activity of R. speratus. In contrast, the alcohol-benzene extracts of Z. serrata, Prunus sargentii, and Castanea crenata showed a strong inhibition of the feeding activity of termites.