• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.506-510
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• 2000

This experiment was to determine the usefulness of gum safflower phospholipid as a feed ingredient. Forty female broiler chicks were divided into four groups and fed experimental diets containing following fats and oils; beef tallow (Tallow), the blend of safflower oil and palm oil (SP-oil), gum rapeseed phospholipid (Rap-PL), or gum safflower phospholipid (Saf-PL) for 21days. There were no differences in growth performances among the treatments. Abdominal fat weight tended to be reduced in the chicks fed. phospholipids. The activity of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase was significantly reduced in the Rap-PL and Saf-PL as compared to that of Tallow. Feeding dietary phospholipids resulted in a slight reduction in total fat and triglyceride contents in the breast and thigh muscles. In addition, total fat and triglyceride contents in the thigh muscle were significantly decreased by dietary Saf-PL as compared to those of Tallow. These results suggested that dietary gum phospholipids, either from rapeseed or safflower, had desirable effects of lowing abdominal and muscle fats, and could be used as a feed ingredient for broiler diets.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.103-108
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• 1987

ABSTRACT-The study was to investigate the residue of the harmful heavy metals in the random samples of feed from piggery, formula feeed for swine and ingredient feed from feed mill and analyzed for Cd, Pb and As by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and Inductively Coupled Argon Plasmas. Mean concentrations of Cd, Pb and As (ppm) were, for feed from piggery 1.08-0.85, 5.34-4.29 and 4.30-2.37, for formula feed from feed mill, 0.90-0.51, 5.84-5.25 and 2.41-0.84, and for ingredient feed from feed mill, 0.35-0.38, 4.38-4.94 and 2.66-1.12, respectively. It showed the highest amount of Cd, Pb and As in kidney and liver than in the other organs, and the lowest amount in the muscle.muscle.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 2022

Dietary fiber is considered a feed ingredient with high nutritional value in the broiler feed industry. Pine chips contain a large amount of dietary fiber and require some modification for use as broiler feed. In this study, pine chips were subjected to steam explosion under different severity factor (Ro) conditions to improve the chemical and physical properties of dietary fiber. The highest water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, and swelling capacity were found for Ro 4.0, followed by Ro4.5 and 3.5. The optimal condition for the steam explosion was determined to be Ro 4.0 (reaction temperature of 210℃, and reaction time of 6.0 min). Under these conditions, the water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, and swelling capacity of steam-exploded pine chips were 8.3 g/g, 6.5 g/g, and 5.0 mL/g, respectively. This study may contribute to the application of lignocellulose and related products in the broiler feed industry.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2017

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with fermented soybean meal by Bacillus subtilis (BFSBM) on growth performance, feed utilization, innate immunity, water quality, and disease resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei. A basal fish meal-based diet was regarded as a control and two other diets were prepared by replacing 30% fish meal with either soybean meal (SBM) or BFSBM. Triplicate groups of shrimp ($0.80{\pm}0.010g$) were fed one of the experimental diets for 6 weeks. No differences were found in final body weight, feed conversion ratio, or survival among all dietary treatments after the feeding trial. Shrimp fed the BFSBM diet had significantly higher phagocytic and phenoloxidase activities than those of shrimp fed the SBM diet. Total ammonia concentrations in culture water during a zero water exchange test tended to decrease in tanks where BFSBM diet was provided. Disease resistance of shrimp to Vibrio harveyi tended to increase in the BFSBM group during 14 days of challenge compared to that in the control (CON) and SBM groups. These results show that dietary supplementation with BFSBM can enhance the innate immunity of Pacific white shrimp and replace at least 30% of dietary fish meal.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1318-1323
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• 2008

Corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a completely new feed ingredient in the Korean feed market. There is an ever increasing need for the Korean feed industry to import and make the best of it as a high protein and high energy feed ingredient. A layer feeding trial was conducted for 10 weeks to investigate the effects of addition of light-colored DDGS to layer diets on laying performance, egg qualities and yolk fatty acid composition. Also, the economics of using DDGS in the Korean situation was analyzed. Nine hundred Hy-line Brown layers, 24 weeks of age, were employed in a feeding trial consisting of four dietary treatments (0, 10, 15, and 20% DDGS), and five replicates per treatment. All experimental diets were prepared as iso-protein (17%) and iso-calorie (TMEn 2,780 kcal/kg). The use of DDGS up to 20% in layer diets did not exert any influence on feed intake, laying rate, total egg mass, mean egg weight and feed conversion ratio (p>0.05). The color and breaking strength of eggshell, as well as the albumin height and Haugh unit were not affected by the addition of DDGS up to 20% in the diet. The yolk color was significantly increased by DDGS supplementation (p<0.05). As the DDGS level increased, the oleic acid content decreased, and the linoleic acid increased (p<0.05) in egg yolk. The degree of saturation of yolk fatty acids was not affected by DDGS supplementation. The inclusion of light-colored DDGS up to 20% in layer diets resulted in a decrease of feed cost per kg without any undesirable effect on laying performance. In conclusion, the light-colored DDGS (L* 56.65) could be used up to 20% in layer diets without any harmful effect on laying performance, and possibly provide economic benefits to the Korean poultry industry.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.367-371
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• 1993

The feeding value of maize cob meal was investigated in a trial involving one hundred and forty Arbor Acre day-old chicks raised to eight weeks of age. The maize cob meal which contained 32.5% fibre, 2.5% protein and had a gross energy value of 2,550 kcal/kg, was incorporated into the experimental diets at either 0, 2.9, 5.8, 11.6 or 23.2% level. All diets were formulated to contain 3,200 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy and approximately 22% protein by varying the proportions of maize and whole cooked soyabean meal in the diets. The inclusion of maize cob meal up to 11.6% in the diet did not significantly (p>0.05) affect body weight gains, feed consumption and utilization, as well as carcass yield and dressing percentage. However, at the 23.2% level of maize cob meal inclusion, body weight gains, feed utilization and carcass yields were significantly (p<0.05) reduced. The use of maize cob meal reduced feed cost for raising birds and either maintained or improved gross profit returns with up to 11.6% level of inclusion in the diet. It was concluded that maize cob meal can be included up to 11.6% in the diet of broiler chickens provided dietary energy concentration is maintained at 3,200 kcal of metabolisable energy per kilogramme of feed by using high energy density feed ingredient such as boiled whole seed soyabean meal.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.946-951
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• 2011

The study was conducted to evaluate enzose (corn dextrose), a corn milling byproduct, as substitute for corn grain as energy in growing lambs. Five iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated. The control diet (E0) had no enzose whereas enzose replaced 20, 40, 60 and 80% corn grain in E20, E40, E60 and E80 diets on the basis of energy supply, respectively. Fifty growing lambs were divided into 5 groups, 10 animals in each, in a randomized complete block design. Nutrients (dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fibre) intake and digestibilities increased with gradual replacement of corn grain by enzose. Lambs fed E80 diet also retained higher nitrogen (N) than those fed E0 diet. Plasma glucose, $T_3$ and $T_4$ increased while urea N decreased in lambs receiving higher enzose content. Maximum weight gain was recorded in lambs fed diets containing maximum concentration of E as a replacement for corn grains. A better feed conversion ratio was recorded in lambs fed E80 compared with those fed E0 diet. The study suggests that enzose can be used as an economical feed ingredient to replace corn grain upto 80%, without any adverse effects on growth performance of growing lambs.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.135-142
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• 2020

The objective of this experiment was to determine the apparent (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in five feed ingredients for male broiler chickens (Ross 308). The test feed ingredients consisted of corn, wheat, soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM), and corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The birds were fed a standard starter diet for the first 19 d. On day 19, nine hundred sixty birds were assigned to six dietary treatments with eight replicate cages (20 birds/cage) in a randomized complete block design. All experimental diets contained chromic oxide (0.5% in the diet) as an indigestible index. The diets were offered ad libitum for 4 d. At the end of the experiment, all birds were euthanized and ileal digesta samples were collected immediately. The indispensable AA with the least AID and SID were Thr for all the ingredients used in the present study, except for DDGS, in which Lys had the lowest digestibility. For indispensable AA, the AID and SID of Leu, Phe, Arg, and Met were the greatest in corn, DDGS, wheat, SBM, and CM, respectively. The results from the present study showed that there are variations in both the AID and SID of CP and AA among feed ingredients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.546-553
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• 2017

Objective: An experiment was conducted to determine digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of different byproduct feed ingredients fed to growing pigs, and to generate prediction equations for the DE and ME in feed ingredients. Methods: Twelve barrows with an initial mean body weight of 31.8 kg were individually housed in metabolism crates that were equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. A $12{\times}10$ incomplete Latin square design was employed with 12 dietary treatments, 10 periods, and 12 animals. A basal diet was prepared to mainly contain the corn and soybean meal (SBM). Eleven additional diets were formulated to contain 30% of each test ingredient. All diets contained the same proportion of corn:SBM ratio at 4.14:1. The difference procedure was used to calculate the DE and ME in experimental ingredients. The in vitro dry matter disappearance for each test ingredient was determined. Results: The DE and ME values in the SBM sources were greater (p<0.05) than those in other ingredients except high-protein distillers dried grains. However, DE and ME values in tapioca distillers dried grains (TDDG) were the lowest (p<0.05). The most suitable regression equations for the DE and ME concentrations (kcal/kg on the dry matter [DM] basis) in the test ingredients were: $DE=5,528-(156{\times}ash)-(32.4{\times}neutral\;detergent\;fiber\;[NDF])$ with root mean square error = 232, $R^2=0.958$, and p<0.001; $ME=5,243-(153 ash)-(30.7{\times}NDF)$ with root mean square error = 277, $R^2=0.936$, and p<0.001. All independent variables are in % on the DM basis. Conclusion: The energy concentrations were greater in the SBM sources and were the least in the TDDG. The ash and NDF concentrations can be used to estimate the energy concentrations in the byproducts from oil-extraction and distillation processes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.127-130
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• 2004

Lathyrus sativus, locally known as Khesari, is a leguminous pulse crop grown in many parts of the world for food (used by poor people) and animal feed/fodder. Its seeds are rich in protein and energy but contains anti-nutritional factors prominent among which is ${\beta}$-N-Oxalylamino-L-Alanine (BOAA), a neurotoxin causing lathyrism in humans due to prolong consumption. Keeping in view the chemical characteristics of this toxin and literary facts on L. sativus feeding in terrestrial animals, it was hypothesized that aquatic species may better utilise this ingredient in mixed extruded diets. Diets were prepared with varying levels (0, 10, 18, 26 and 34%) of L. sativus seeds and fed for 60 days to study growth, body composition and digestibility of nutrients. Final body weight, specific growth rate and feed and protein conversion ratio did not differ (p>0.05) between treatments. Crude protein digestibility was reduced (p<0.01) beyond 26% inclusion level of L. sativus. Final carcass composition with regard to protein, lipid and ash did not differ (p>0.05) among the treatments. Comparable craniosomatic, viscerosomatic, renosomatic and hepatic indices and no mortality implies no apparent adverse effect on the vital organs and fish health. It was concluded that L. sativus can be a promising feed ingredient that can be used up to 34% or possibly higher level in fingerlings diet. To our knowledge, it appears to be the first report of its kind under laboratory conditions.