• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.712-728
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• 2022

World-widely, there has never been a greater need for people to access high-quality expertise about the effective and safe use of medications. Therefore, the profession of pharmacy should meet these needs of the times, as the demographic shifts have led to a situation where older adults now outnumber children, and polypharmacy is also a commonplace. However, the reimbursement system covered by the National Health Insurance (NHI) in Korea is still limited to the traditional dispensing and compounding role of pharmacist. To provide a take-home message to Korean pharmacy reimbursement system, we aimed to review and analyze the international trends in pharmacy remuneration systems. This is a comparative study between Korea, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Comparison was conducted by reviewing each country's policy and enforcement programs, as well as the related literature. Japan, the UK and the US systems remunerate diverse patient-centered pharmaceutical care services. The Korean pharmacy service fee is, however, narrowly focused on the traditional product-oriented pharmacy services. This study discussed the future direction of improving pharmacist reimbursement systems in Korea, by expanding professional pharmacy service coverage and diversifying fee schedule.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.315-319
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• 2020

The modern transportation and mobility sector is expected to encounter high penetration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) because EVs contribute to reducing the harmful emissions from fossil fuel-powered vehicles. With the prospective growth of EVs, sufficient and convenient facilities for fast charging are crucial toward satisfying the EVs' quick charging demand during their trip. Therefore, the Fast Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (FECS) will be a similar role to gas stations. In this paper, we study a charging scheduling problem for the FECS with solar photovoltaic (PV) and an Energy Storage System (ESS). We formulate an optimization problem that minimizes the operational costs of FECS. There are two cost and one revenue terms that are buying cost from main grid power, ESS degradation cost, and revenue from the charging fee of the EVs. Simulation results show that the proposed scheduling algorithm reduces the daily operational cost by effectively using solar PV and ESS.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.79-90
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• 2021

In domestic public construction, disputes are increasing due to differences among stakeholders regarding contract price adjustment. In particular, the actual cost-plus fee for overhead costs due to the schedule extension cannot be agreed upon at the administrative phase, and most of them seek judicial judgment. Thus, this study aims to propose a 'sufficiently satisfactory' alternative to reach an agreement before disputes in order to minimize disputes related to the calculation of additional overhead costs. To this end, this study proposes three alternatives based on the rate method. Firstly, when calculating additional overhead costs, it is not calculated as an actual cost-plus-fee method, but as a rate compared to direct labor costs among net direct costs. Secondly, the calculated indirect labor costs are compensated for up to the legal maximum of legal limit costs such as general management costs, profits and so on. Thirdly, it reflects overhead costs increased or decreased due to change orders. Risks were analyzed by collecting expert opinions on the proposed methods and applying actual cases. Finally, as a result of investigating the level of consensus for each stakeholder, it was confirmed that all stakeholders could agree regardless of the size of the company. The result of this study is expected to as a useful tool among stakeholders in the construction fields that can be able to easily agreed upon.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.3534-3547
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• 2014

Although there are many positive sides of the current fee-for-service payment schedule, there is a strong necessity to control the rapidly increasing national healthcare expenditure. The global budget is often mentioned as one prominent alternative for solutions. In this article, both microscopic and macroscopic approaches are considered to set the hospital medical expenditure budget. In a macroscopic aspect, the SGR model, which considers the financial limit of the healthcare system, is used to set the next year target budget. In addition, the DEA model is used to measure the inefficiency and cost recognition. In this article, the national medical target expenditure is distributed to an individual hospital based on the level of efficiency. By combining the SGR and DEA, it will be possible to set a real world applicable target medical expenditure budget model.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.45-52
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• 2006

Recently The public project ordering in local autonumous entities is a tendency increasing of CM service because of the visible and affirmative effect in the CM which is advanced meanwhile. And, the CM services of project all phase excepts a planning business are performed. To develop CM must be prepared the system plans concerned with the CM application from planning phase, actuality maintenance of CM fee-estimation standard, understanding conversion of participation subjects, the specialization through certification of CM qualification, etc. But, unexpected actuality the problems occurs when the CM business is performing. The purpose of this study are to present the solution to the problems concerned with the design management, design phase VE, additional business by owner, schedule control and establish the plan to perform CM services efficiently in the public sector through analyzing the case of CM application in Susung Culture & Art Center.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.196-204
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• 2008

Purpose: To examine factors affecting long-term care hospital patients' intention of transfer to a nursing home. Method: A questionnaire survey was conducted in Aug. 2007 that included 655 patients from 49 long-term care hospitals. The survey aimed to assess the patients' health status, family status, cost and intention of transfer to a nursing home. Institutional characteristics were analyzed from the nationwide database of Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service. The affecting factors were examined by employing chi-square test and logistic regression using SAS 8.2. Result: Of the subjects, 32.4% had intention of transfer to a nursing home. The intention of transfer to a nursing home was affected by moderate or severe pain, living together with the primary carer, high cost uncovered by insurance, and recognition of nursing home. Conclusion; For appropriate service utilization. a higher level of care is needed to satisfy patients at nursing homes and a balanced fee schedule is needed between long term care hospitals and nursing homes. It is desirable to encourage transfer to a nursing home at which nurses support patients and their families by giving information, coordination, and to make efforts to establish a reference system.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.339-342
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• 2008

The Korean Health Insurance (KHI) has been introduced since 1977 and it took only 12 years that KHI had accomplished the total coverage of Korean population. The remarkable success of KHI can be compared with other OECD countries which had taken some 30 years to over 100 years to establish the total coverage of the population. Life expectancy at birth and the infant mortality rate in Korea in 2005 both surpassed the average figures of the OECD countries, The main reason for the success of KHI can be delineated with the three characteristics in KHI development; low premiums, low benefits, and low fee-schedule charges. However, these three characteristics of KHI, which had been the key for the rapid development of the system, have become terrible disadvantages for the stable development of KHI. The dissatisfaction and discontent of health care providers are ever increasing. The population is reluctant to pay more premiums though it seems essential for the better care coverage. The health care system has been heavily distorted toward high technology-oriented expensive care. There should be several factors seriously tackled for the secure development of KHI in the future. This paper will review a brief history of KHI development, and I would like to make a suggestion of health insurance for children.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.404-412
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• 2008

Purpose: To analyse hospital nurse staffing level of the general nursing unit, ICU, ER and OR in general hospitals. Method: The study sample was 105 acute general hospitals which had reported the bed size and number of nurses by the nursing units. Number of bed per nurse was analysed by the hospital characteristics and the staffing levels of the doctors and the nursing assistant personnels using t-test or ANOVA and Pearson's correlation. Results: Number of bed per nurse was 3.86 in general nursing units and 0.95 in ICU. Tertiary hospitals employed more nurses in general nursing units and ICU than general hospitals. Hospitals located in Seoul and public hospitals employed more ICU nurses. OR nurse staffing level was higher in academic hospitals. Hospital size was positively correlated with nurse staffing level of the general nursing unit, ICU, ER and OR respectively. Total nurse staffing level of the hospital was positively correlated with doctor and nursing assistant personnels staffing levels. Conclusion : Differentiated nursing fee schedule was needed to implement in ER or OR. Regulation policy should be needed for the hospitals which violated hospital nurse staffing level of the law.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2017

Moon Jae-in Government announced the Government's 5-Year Plan on July 19, 2017, President Moon directly announced the Government's Plan for Benefit Expansion in National Health Insurance on August 7, 2017. The main contents of the announced expansion include benefit coverage for all medically necessary services with control over non-covered service occurrence, a decrease in the cost-sharing upper limit, and monetary support for catastrophic medical costs. Although past governments have been continuously striving for benefit expansion in the last 15 years, this plan has its breakthrough aspect in that all medical services will be covered by the National Health Insurance. In alignment, there are important tasks to solve: attaining a proper fee schedule, reforming the healthcare delivery system, and improving healthcare quality. This plan is a symptom oriented action in that it is limited in reducing patients' out-of-pocket money, unlike the systematic approach of the National Health Insurance. The sustainability of the National Health Insurance is being threatened due to South Korea's low birth rate, rapidly aging society, and low economic growth, in addition to the unification issue of the Korean Peninsula, medical utilization of the elderly, management of non-communicable diseases, and so on. Therefore, the Government needs to plan the National Health Insurance system reformation including actions addressed toward medical consumers.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.177-200
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• 2013

Recently, many international arbitration institutions have responded to the business requirements of their users and have revised their rules to enhance the time and cost efficiency. Korean Commercial Arbitration Board (KCAB) revised the international arbitration rule in 2011, introducing new arbitration mechanisms like the expedited procedure. Also other Asian arbitration institutions introduced the expedited procedure in their international arbitration rules. Now expedited procedures are regarded as a very attractive system in the field of international arbitration. Accordingly, this paper reviewed the expedited procedures of four Asian countries, including China(CIETAC), Hong Kong (HKIAC), Singapore(SIAC) and Korea(KCAB). The purpose of this study is to find out meaningful implications to improve the Korean system. Based on this review, some recommendations are suggested as follows. First, the scope of the expedited procedure has to be adjusted upward than the current 200 million won. Second, there should be a fee schedule only for the expedited procedure. Third, in case of small amount international disputes, written examination should be more used in the expedited procedure. Finally, KCAB should make strong efforts to improve the awareness and usage of the expedited procedure in Korea.