• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.25 no.10
• /
• pp.1439-1444
• /
• 2012

A total of 144 pigs ((Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc)] with an average initial BW of $8.45{\pm}0.57$ kg were used in a 5-wk growth trial. Pigs were randomly allocated to 4 treatments with 9 replications per pen in a randomized complex block design. Dietary treatments included: i) CON (basal diet), ii) ANT (CON+tylosin 1 g/kg), iii) H1 (CON+H. cordata 1 g/kg) and iv) T1 (CON+T. officinale 1 g/kg). In this study, pigs fed the ANT and T1 treatment had a higher (p<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed (G:F) ratio than those fed CON and H1 treatment. Dietary ANT and T1 treatment led to a higher energy digestibility than the CON group. No difference (p>0.05) was observed on the growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility with H1 supplementation compared with the CON treatment. The inclusion of ANT treatment led to a higher (p<0.05) lymphocyte concentration compared with the CON treatment. Dietary supplementation of herbs did not affect (p>0.05) the blood characteristics (white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), IgG, lymphocyte). No difference was observed on (p<0.05) fecal microbial shedding (E. coli and lactobacillus) between ANT and CON groups. Treatments H1 and T1 reduced the fecal E. coli concentration compared with the CON treatment, whereas the fecal lactobacillus concentration was not affected by the herb supplementation (p>0.05). In conclusion, the inclusion of T. officinale (1 g/kg) increased growth performance, feed efficiency, energy digestibility similarly to the antibiotic treatment. Dietary supplementation of T. officinale and H. cordata (1 g/kg) reduced the fecal E. coli concentration in weaning pigs.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.189-196
• /
• 2002

The direct detection of intestinal pathogens and viruses often requires costly, tedious, and time-consuming procedures. These requirements developed a test to show that the water was contaminated with sewage-borne pathogens by assessing the hygienic quality of water based on indicator microorganisms whose presence indicates that pathogenic microorganisms may also be present. Various groups of microorganisms have been suggested and used as indicator microorganisms. Proposed and commonly used microbial indicators are total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, Clostridium perfringens, heterotrophic plate count, bacteriophage, and so on. Unfortunately, most, if not all, of these indicators are not ideal because of the sensitivity and resistance to environment stresses and disinfection. However, the development of gene probes and PCR technology may give hope for the discovery of rapid and simple methods toy detecting small number of fecal pathogens in various environments.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.885-892
• /
• 2006

In order to investigate whether or not Total Coliforms (T.C.) and Fecal Coliforms (F.C.) are compatible as indicator microorganisms of waterbome enteric viruses, a total of 192 surface water samples from 24 locations in Korea were tested for T.C., F.C., and human enteric viruses from July 2003 to January 2006. Altogether, the number of T.C. in each samples was ranged from $0{\sim}5.3{\times}10^4$ colony forming unit(CFU)/100mL, and the number of F.C. ranged from $0{\sim}5.0{\times}10^3CFU/100mL$ per sample. Thirty-three percent of the samples tested positive for human enteric viruses after the total culturable virus assay. The results of the statistical analysis showed that T.C. and F.C. had a significant correlation with turbidity and temperature, but the waterbome enteric viruses did not. When compared to the number of T.C. or F.C. per sample, the concentration of waterbome enteric viruses was not found to be correlated. In conclusion, it is suggested that T.C. and F.C. may not be sufficient microbial indicators of waterbome enteric viruses in the samples analyzed in this study. However, further research is needed to find other microbial indicators of waterbome enteric viruses and to develop more advanced and sensitive methods to detect waterborne enteric viruses.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.66 no.1
• /
• pp.178-203
• /
• 2024

Constipation, which refers to difficulties in defecation and infrequent bowel movement in emptying the gastrointestinal system that ultimately produces hardened fecal matters, is a health concern in livestock and aging animals. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of dairy-isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains to alleviate constipation as an alternative therapeutic intervention for constipation treatment in the aging model. Rats were aged via daily subcutaneous injection of D-galactose (600 mg/body weight [kg]), prior to induction of constipation via oral administration of loperamide hydrochloride (5 mg/body weight [kg]). LAB strains (L. fermentum USM 4189 or L. plantarum USM 4187) were administered daily via oral gavage (1 × 10 Log CFU/day) while the control group received sterile saline. Aged rats as shown with shorter telomere lengths exhibited increased fecal bulk and soften fecal upon administration of LAB strains amid constipation as observed using the Bristol Stool Chart, accompanied by a higher fecal moisture content as compared to the control (p < 0.05). Fecal water-soluble metabolite profiles showed a reduced concentration of threonine upon administration of LAB strains compared to the control (p < 0.05). Histopathological analysis also showed that the administration of LAB strains contributed to a higher colonic goblet cell count as compared to the control (p < 0.05). The present study illustrates the potential of dairy-sourced LAB strains as probiotics to ameliorate the adverse effect of constipation amid aging, and as a potential dietary intervention strategy for dairy foods including yogurt and cheese.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.575-580
• /
• 2011

This study characterized water quality of groundwater and purified water used for drinking water in 30 schools in Gyeongsangbukdo Province. The results of the study showed that 43% of groundwater and 45% of purified water were not suitable for drinking. Among them, microbial contaminations were the most serious problem. In raw groundwater, the exceeding rates of total colony counts was the highest in August (53.6%). Purified water samples showed higher rate of exceeding drinking water standard for total colony counts while showing lower rate of exceeding drinking water standard for total coliforms and fecal coliforms in March and August. Overall, proper managements for microbial contaminations are required for both groundwater and purified water. Furthermore, special attention should toward students not to drink water when groundwater or purified water exceeds the drinking water quality standard.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.44.1-44.28
• /
• 2022

Gut dysbiosis is one of prominent features in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) which are of an unknown etiology. Although the cause-and-effect relationship between IBD and gut dysbiosis remains to be elucidated, one area of research has focused on the management of IBD by modulating and correcting gut dysbiosis. The use of antibiotics, probiotics either with or without prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation from healthy donors are representative methods for modulating the intestinal microbiota ecosystem. The gut microbiota is not a simple assembly of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, but a complex organ-like community system composed of numerous kinds of microorganisms. Thus, studies on specific changes in the gut microbiota depending on which treatment option is applied are very limited. Here, we review previous studies on microbial modulation as a therapeutic option for IBD and its significance in the pathogenesis of IBD.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.8
• /
• pp.1202-1208
• /
• 2009

Synbiotics is the term used for a mixture of probiotics (live microbial feed additives that beneficially affects the host animal) and prebiotics (non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the organism). This study investigated the effect of probiotics from anaerobic microflora with prebiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission and fecal microbial population in weaning pigs. 150 pigs with an initial BW of 6.80${\pm}$0.32 kg (20 d of age) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments as follows: i) US, basal diet+0.15% antibiotics (0.05% oxytetracycline 200 and 0.10% tiamulin 38 g), ii) BS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from bacteria), iii) YS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from yeast), iv) MS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from mold), v) CS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (from compounds of bacteria, yeast and mold). The probiotics were contained in $10^{9}$ cfu/ml, $10^{5}$ cfu/ml and $10^{3}$ tfu/ml of bacteria, yeast and molds, respectively. The same prebiotics (mannan oligosaccharide, lactose, sodium acetate and ammonium citrate) was used for all the synbiotics. Pigs were housed individually for a 16-day experimental period. Growth performance showed no significant difference between antibiotic treatments and synbiotics-added treatments. The BS treatment showed higher (p<0.05) dry matter (DM) and nitrogen digestibility while ether extract and crude fiber digestibility were not affected by the dietary treatment. Also, the BS treatment decreased (p<0.05) fecal ammonia and amine gas emissions. Hydrogen sulfide concentration was also decreased (p<0.05) in BS, YS and MS treatments compared to other treatments. Moreover, all the synbioticsadded treatments increased fecal acetic acid concentration while the CS treatment had lower propionic acid concentration than the US treatment (p<0.05) gas emissions but decreased in fecal propionate gas emissions. Total fecal bacteria and Escherichia coli populations did not differ significantly among the treatments, while the Shigella counts were decreased (p<0.05) in synbiotics-included treatment. Fecal bacteria population was higher in the YS treatment than other treatments (p<0.05). The BS treatment had higher yeast concentration than YS, MS and CS treatments, while US treatment had higher mold concentrations than MS treatment (p<0.05). Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that synbiotics are as effective as antibiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora composition in weaning pigs. Additionally, synbiotics from anaerobic microflora can decrease fecal noxious gas emission and synbiotics can substitute for antibiotics in weaning pigs.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.415-418
• /
• 2013

Since the development of the next generation sequencing (NGS) technology, 16S rRNA gene sequencing has become a major tool for microbial community analysis. Recently, human microbiome project (HMP) has been completed to identify microbes associated with human health and diseases. HMP achieved characterization of several diseases caused by bacteria, especially the ones in human gut. While human intestinal bacteria have been well characterized, little have been studied about other animal intestinal bacteria. In this study, we surveyed diversity of livestock animal fecal microbiota and discuss importance of studying fecal microbiota. Here, we report the initiation of the fecal microbiome project in South Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.59-65
• /
• 2004

The change of the microbial community structure in excess sludge of different sewage treatment plants by ozone treatment was investigated by quinone profiles. The resulting ozone dosage ranged from 0.1 to $0.4gO_3/gTS$. In terms of overall sludge reduction, more than 50% reduction of the total sludge mass could be achieved by ozone treatment at $0.4gO_3/gTS$. Quinone concentration and type in sludge of different treatment plants were remarkably decreases with increasing ozone dose. Ubiquinones(UQs)-8, -10 and MK-8 were still remained in the ozonized sludge at $0.4gO_3/gTS$. The results of this study showed that the remaining microorganisms belong to UQs-8, -10 and MK-8 were difficult to destruct cell membrane or wall by ozonation. Fecal Streptococci and Salmonella were not detected at ozone dose of $0.2gO_3/gTS$, but Fecal Coliform was not detected at ozone dose of $0.4gO_3/gTS$.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.447-452
• /
• 2014

To isolate novel and useful microbial enzymes from uncultured gastrointestinal microorganisms, a fecal microbial metagenomic library of the pygmy loris was constructed. The library was screened for amylolytic activity, and 8 of 50,000 recombinant clones showed amylolytic activity. Subcloning and sequence analysis of a positive clone led to the identification a novel gene (amyPL) coding for ${\alpha}$-amylase. AmyPL was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and the purified AmyPL was enzymatically characterized. This study is the first to report the molecular and biochemical characterization of a novel ${\alpha}$-amylase from a gastrointestinal metagenomic library.