• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.687-693
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• 2005

The change of food components in seaweeds, masangi (Capsosiphon fulvecense), gashiparae (Enteromorpha prolifera) and cheonggak (Codium fragile) was investigated at various harvest times. The crude protein was $34.1\~43.8\%$ for masangi and $22.5\~35.7\%$ for gashiparae, respectively. The content of glutamic acid, aspartic acid and leucine among total amino acid was high. The major free amino acids were proline and alanine for masangi, asparagine and glutamic acid for gashipare, and hdyrolxyproline, glutamic acid and alanine for cheonggak. In gashipare, the content of aspargine was greatly decreased, while one of sarcosine was increased in March. The ratio of polyene was $63.91\~74.04\%$ for masangi, $62.87\~68.23\%$ for gashipare, and $40.26\~44.61\%$ for cheonggak. The levels of Ca, K, Mg and Fe were high. In masangi and gashiparae, the chlorophyll a and b was greatly decreased in March.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.36-45
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• 2016

This study was aimed to enhance the percutaneous absorption of tizanidine hydrochloride (TZ) across Strat-M$^{TM}$ artificial membrane and excised hairless mouse skin using various vehicles and chemical permeation enhancers. Solubility studies were performed using hydrophilic and lipophilic vehicles. To initially evaluate vehicle effects on skin permeation, Strat-M$^{TM}$ membrane was adopted using Franz-type diffusion cells loaded with 0.4 mg donor dose. Effects of fatty acids on the permeation of TZ from PG and PGMC were compared, and the effects of various hydrophilic vehicles in the presence of linoleic acid were studied using excised hairless mouse skin specimens. The mean solubility (mg/ml) of TZ in hydrophilic vehicles was higher: water > PG > DMSO > ethanol > PEG 200 > NMP > PEG 300 > PEG 400 > DGME, and solubilities in lipophilic vehicles such as PGMC, PGMC, IPM, Captex 200 and Captex 300 were much less than 1.0 mg/ml. Permeation rates through StratTM membrane from pure vehicles were in the rank order: PGMC ${\geq}$ LBF > DMSO ${\geq}$ NMP ${\geq}$ PGML ${\geq}$ PG ${\geq}$ PEG 200 ${\geq}$ DGME ${\geq}$ EtOH. However, permeation rates of TZ through hairless mouse skin from pure vehicles were very low, although PG showed the highest flux ($1.66{\pm}0.28{\mu}g/cm^2{\cdot}hr$). Therefore, PG was selected in further studies. Addition of enhancers (3 v/v%) into PG markedly increased the flux (${\mu}g/cm^2{\cdot}hr$): oleyl alcohol ($14.9{\pm}3.1$) ${\geq}$ oleic acid ($14.5{\pm}1.6$) ${\geq}$ linoleic acid ($13.7{\pm}1.3$) > capric acid ($4.4{\pm}0.6$) > caprylic acid ($2.1{\pm}0.4$). Among hydrophilic vehicles with linoleic acid, PG and DMSO revealed relatively higher permeation for TZ. Increase of donor dose in PG resulted in dose-dependent permeation fluxes. These results suggest that permeation properties of TZ from nonaqueous solutions are markedly different between Strat-$M^{TM}$ membrane and excised hairless mouse skin, and transdermal delivery of TZ would be feasible with a combination of PG and enhancers.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.271-280
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• 2014

Some bacterial metabolites of Xenorhabdus nematophila (Xn) inhibit phospholipase $A_2$ ($PLA_2$) activity to shutdown eicosanoid biosynthesis in target insects. However, little has been known about the target insect $PLA_2$ of these bacterial metabolites. Eight bacterial metabolites identified in Xn culture broth exhibited significant insecticidal activities against larvae of both lepidopteran species of Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera exigua. Moreover, these bacterial metabolites significantly enhanced insecticidal activities of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). To determine target $PLA_2$, we cloned and over-expressed cellular $PLA_2$ ($SecPLA_2$) of S. exigua. Purified $SecPLA_2$ catalyzed phospholipids derived from the fat body and released several polyunsaturated fatty acids. Most Xn metabolites significantly inhibited $SecPLA_2$ activity, but were different in their inhibitory activities. There was a positive correlation between the inhibition of $SecPLA_2$ and the enhancement of Bt insecticidal activity. These results indicate that $SecPLA_2$ is a molecular target inhibited by Xn metabolite.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.585-592
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to analyze the physiological and antimicrobial activities of wheat germ. The fatty acid components of the wheat germ included palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. Furthermore, the acid value was 8.5, the peroxide value was 7.1, the iodine value was 126.8, the saponification value was 159.7, and the refractive index was 1.547. In the unsaponifiable matter, the total phenol concentration extracted by ethanol, along with physiological activity were 2.02% and 0.45%, respectively, and the amount of flavonoids and activity were 6.89% and 6.90%, respectively. The amount of flavonoids was larger than the phenol concentration in the wheat germ. In addition, the nitritescavenging ability of the wheat germ was lower than ascorbic acid but greater than BHT and tocopherol. The peroxide value in the linoleic acid changed over 5 days, presenting as 0.67, 22.70, 44.25, 5.81, and 91.17 meq/kg, and increases were also consistently shown as time passed for the ethanol extractions and unsaponifiable. Additional data showed that antimicrobial effects could not be detected in the wheat germ concentration or method of extraction.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.263-272
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• 2011

Highly luminescent and monodisperse InP quantum dots (QDs) were prepared by a non-organometallic approach in a non-coordinating solvent. Fatty acids with well-defined chain lengths as the ligand, a non coordinating solvent, and a thorough degassing process are all important factors for the formation of high quality InP QDs. By varying the molar concentration of indium to ligand, QDs of different size were prepared and their absorption and emission behaviors studied. By spin-coating a colloidal solution of InP QD onto a silicon wafer, InP QD thin films were obtained. The thickness of the thin films cured at 60 and $200^{\circ}C$ were nearly identical (approximately 860 nm), whereas at $300^{\circ}C$, the thickness of the thin film was found to be 760 nm. Different contrast regions (A, B, C) were observed in the TEM images, which were found to be unreacted precursors, InP QDs, and indium-rich phases, respectively, through EDX analysis. The optical properties of the thin films were measured at three different curing temperatures (60, 200, $300^{\circ}C$), which showed a blue shift with an increase in temperature. It was proposed that this blue shift may be due to a decrease in the core diameter of the InP QD by oxidation, as confirmed by the XPS studies. Oxidation also passivates the QD surface by reducing the amount of P dangling bonds, thereby increasing luminescence intensity. The dielectric properties of the thin films were also investigated by capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements in a metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) device. At 60 and $300^{\circ}C$, negative flat band shifts (${\Delta}V_{fb}$) were observed, which were explained by the presence of P dangling bonds on the InP QD surface. At $300^{\circ}C$, clockwise hysteresis was observed due to trapping and detrapping of positive charges on the thin film, which was explained by proposing the existence of deep energy levels due to the indium-rich phases.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.328-335
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• 2000

This study was investigated the effect of application methods of frying oil on the physicochemical properties of frying oil in the school foodservice. Frozen pork cutlet was fried for this study. The most frequent application methods of frying oil in school foodservice and treatments of this paper were as follows ; (A) use the frying oil (36ι) just one day(200ea.$\times$ 5times) (B) reuse the used oil(A method) once more adding 50%(18 ι) fresh oil after 3 or 5 or 7 days (C) reuse the used oil(A method) once more after 3 or 5 or 7 days. The major fatty acids of fresh oil were linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and linolenic acid in order to content. The viscosity of frying oil was increased gradually by increasing the number of frying times and storage period of frying oil after once used. Both redness and yellowness of frying oil showed similar trend to viscosity. As a result of this study, the application methods of frying oil in the school foodservice influenced on the physicochemical properties of frying oil, but acid and peroxide value were under the safety level of frying oil prescribed in the Health Social Affairs Ministry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1190-1196
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary xylooligosaccharides on HMG-CoA reductase activity and lipid composition of liver in rat fed high cholesterol diet. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100 $\pm$ 10 g were randomly divided into groups of one normal diet, and four high cholesterol diet containing 1% cholesterol. The high cholesterol (1%) diet groups were classified into xylooligosaccharides free diet (C group), 5% xylooligosaccharides diet (C5XO group), 10% xylooligosaccharides diet (C10XO group), and 15% xylooligosaccharides diet (C15XO grcup) according to the levels of dietary xylooligosaccharides supplementation. The experimental diets were fed ad libitum for 4 weeks. The hepatic lipid contents, cholesterol and triglycerides in xylooligosaccharides supplemented groups were significantly lower than those of C group. An antithrombGsis index, a ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids of liver was significantly increased in 10% xylooligosaccharides supplemented groups compared to that of C group. The activity of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase, a rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, in xylooligosaccharides supplemented groups was more significantly increased than in C group. These results suggest that dietary xylooligosaccharide may be act as potential substitute for a dietary fiber to improve lipids metabolism in rat fed high cholesterol diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1467-1474
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• 2006

Fish-frames, which are left after obtaining fillets or muscle during fish processing, consists of useful food components, such as muscle, collagen, calcium, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This study was carried out to prepare snack using conger eel frame (SF) for human consumption and also to elucidate food component characterization of the snack. The results of volatile basic nitrogen suggested that conger eel frame was a suitable material for preparing snack. Based on the results of sensory evaluation and costs, starch syrup was an optimal sweetener for preparing snack using conger eel frame. The starch syrup-treated SF appeared safe because the moisture content and peroxide value were below the safety limits described in the guideline of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Starch syrup-treated SF was similar in the pattern of fatty acid composition to soybean oil, whereas EPA and DHA were detected in SF. The total content of amino acid in starch syrup-treated SF was 23.9% based on 100 g of raw material. The maj or amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine. The total contents of calcium and phosphorus in starch syrup-treated SF were 4.9% and 2.8%, respectively. The Ca/P of starch syrup-treated SF was 1.9, which is a good ratio for absorption of calcium. The SF made with starch syrup was superior in EPA and DHA compositions, total amino acid, calcium and phosphorus contents to commercial snack using eel frame.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.367-376
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• 2009

In this study, two supercritical extraction systems of different scale, analytical-scale and lab-scale, were employed to investigate the extraction efficiency of canola oil from canola seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide ($SCCO_2$) as an extraction solvent. The effects of various parameters such as extraction temperature ($40{\sim}80^{\circ}C$), pressure (200~500 bar), particle size, and $SCCO_2$ flow direction on the extraction rate and yield were examined in detail. Triglycerides and fatty acids in the extracted canola oil were analyzed quantitatively by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. The solubility values of canola oil in $SCCO_2$ could be calculated from the experimental results. Similar extraction yields were obtained from both analytical-scale and lab-scale extraction systems. The extraction rates obtained under solvent ($SCCO_2$ ) upflow conditions were found to be higher than those of solvent downflow extraction. However, the effect of $SCCO_2$ flow direction on the extraction yield was observed to be relatively insignificant.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.100-106
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• 2007

The wound-inducible lipoxygenase obtained from maize is one of the nontraditional lipoxygenases that possess dual positional specificity. In this paper, we provide our results on the determination and comparison of the kinetic constants of the maize lipoxygenase, with or without detergents in the steady state, and characterization of the dependence of the kinetic lag phase or initial burst, on pH, substrate, and detergent in the pre-steady state of the lipoxygenase reaction. The oxidation of linoleic acid showed a typical lag phase in the pre-steady state of the lipoxygenase reaction at pH 7.5 in the presence of 0.25% Tween-20 detergent. The reciprocal correlation between the induction period and the enzyme level indicated that this lag phenomenon was attributable to the slow oxidative activation of Fe (II) to Fe (III) at the active site of the enzyme as observed in other lipoxygenase reactions. Contrary to the lagging phenomenon observed at pH 7.5 in the presence of Tween-20, a unique initial burst was observed at pH 6.2 in the absence of detergents. To our knowledge, the initial burst in the oxidation of linoleic acid at pH 6.2 is the first observation in the lipoxygenase reaction. Kinetic constants (Km and kcat values) were largely dependent on the presence of detergent. An inverse correlation of the initial burst period with enzyme levels and interpretations on kinetic constants suggested that the observed initial burst in the oxidation of linoleic acid could be due to the availability of free fatty acids as substrates for binding with the lipoxygenase enzyme.