• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.563-573
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• 1994

This study was conducted to compare the lipid content and fatty acid composition of the Korean breast milk produced at 1, 2 and 3 months postpartum with the infant formula produced in Korea. The content of total lipids of the breast milk was low compared with the other data of Korean as well as foreign breast milk, and the content tended to reduce during the progress of lactation. The composition of fatty acids of the breast milk was characterized by low saturated fatty acids(SFA) and high $\omega$3 series of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially 20:5 and 22:6, so the P/S and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 rations were high. The formulas had more total lipids, triglycerides(TG) and phospholipids and less cholesterol(CHOL) and free fatty acids than the breast milk. The cholesterol content of the formulas was around 50% of that of the breast milk, so the CHOL/TG ratio was low. Although the formulas varied in fatty acid composition, the formulas had more SFA and $\omega$6 series of PUFA, but less monounsaturated fatty acids and $\omega$3 series of PUFA than the breast milk. This study shows that there are some differences in lipid content and fatty acid composition between breast milk and infant formula. Therefore, further studies needed to investigate the physiological effect of this difference on lipid metabolism of infants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.622-637
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• 2017

Fatty acids such as n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are critical nutrients, used to improve male reproductive performance through modification of fatty acid profile and maintenance of sperm membrane integrity, especially under cold shock or cryopreservation condition. Also, PUFA provide the precursors for prostaglandin synthesis and can modulate the expression patterns of many key enzymes involved in both prostaglandin and steroid metabolism. Many studies carried out on diets supplemented with PUFA have demonstrated their capability to sustain sperm motility, viability and fertility during chilling and freezing as well as improving testis development and spermatogenesis in a variety of livestock species. In addition to the type and quantity of dietary fatty acids, ways of addition of PUFA to diet or semen extender is very crucial as it has different effects on semen quality in male ruminants. Limitation of PUFA added to ruminant ration is due to biohydrogenation by rumen microorganisms, which causes conversion of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids, leading to loss of PUFA quantity. Thus, many strategies for protecting PUFA from biohydrogenation in rumen have been developed over the years. This paper reviews four aspects of PUFA in light of previous research including rumen metabolism, biological roles, influence on reproduction, and strategies to use in male ruminants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.397-402
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality characteristics of domestic as well as imported fermented skate. Three types of fermented skate products were analyzed for proximate composition, pH, VBN, ammonia-N, free amino acids, and fatty acids. The results indicated that the domestic fermented skate contained large amounts of TMAO. Also, the domestic and imported fermented skates each contained approximately 7.1 log CFU/g and $5.8{\sim}6.5$ log CFU/g of aerobic bacteria, respectively, and 585.9 mg and $384.1{\sim}398.5$ mg of total free amino acids, respectively; all samples contained high levels of taurine, anserine, lysine, alanine, glycine, proline, and ${\beta}-alanine$. For fatty acid composition, the domestic fermented skate contained 11 different types of saturated fatty acid and 16 types of unsaturated fatty acid, whereas the imported skate contained 8 types of saturated fatty acid and $10{\sim}15$ types of unsaturated fatty acid. Overall, the results suggest that domestic fermented skate is a better source of amino acids and essential fatty acids and contains more aerobic bacteria than imported fermented skate.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.184-187
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• 1987

Fatty acids and sterols were isolated from petroleum ether extract of seeds of Acanthopanax sessiliflorum Seeman. Fatty acids were obtained from the saponified fraction and sterols from nonsaponified fraction of petroleum ether extract. Fatty acids were identified by gas liquid chromatography, and its composition was myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. The composition of sterols were determined by preparative TLC and gas liquid chromatography. It was confirmed to be a mixture of stigmasterol and ${\beta}-sitosterol$. These fatty acids and sterols were not previously reported from seeds of Acanthopanax sessiliflorum Seemann.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.150-156
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• 2013

A total of 48 different volatile oils were identified form P. brevitarsis larvae by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Acids (48.67%) were detected as the major group in P. brevitarsis larvae comprising the largest proportion of the volatile compounds, followed by esters (19.84%), hydrocarbons (18.90%), alcohols (8.37%), miscellaneous (1.71%), aldehydes (1.35%) and terpenes (1.16%). The major volatile constituents were 9-hexadecenoic acid (16.75%), 6-octadecenoic acid (14.88%) and n-hexadecanoic acid (11.06%). The composition of fatty acid was also determined by GC analysis and 16 fatty acids were identified. The predominant fatty acids were oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$, 64.24%) followed by palmitic acid ($C_{16:0}$, 15.89%), palmitoleic acid ($C_{16:1}$, 10.43%) and linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$, 4.69%) constituting more than 95% of total fatty acids. The distinguished characteristic of the fatty acid profile of P. brevitarsis larvae was the high proportion of unsaturated fatty acid (80.54% of total fatty acids) versus saturated fatty acids (19.46% of total fatty acids). Furthermore, small but significant amounts of linoleic, linolenic and ${\gamma}$-linolenic acids bestow P. brevitarsis larvae with considerable nutritional value. The novel findings of the present study provide a scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization of the insect as a nutritionally promising food source and a possibility for more effective utilization.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.975-988
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• 2023

The fatty acid composition and small molecular metabolites in breast and leg meat of Yanjin blackbone chickens (YBC) and Piao chickens (PC) were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-quadrupole static field orbital trap mass spectrometry. Thirty-two fatty acids were detected, and the total fatty acid content of PC was significantly higher than that of YBC (p<0.05). Oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and arachidonic acid were the main fatty acids in the two chicken varieties, and the composition of fatty acids in the two varieties were mainly unsaturated fatty acids, being more than 61.10% of the total fatty acids. Meanwhile, 12 and 16 compounds were screened out from chicken legs and chicken breasts of YBC and PC, respectively, which had important contributions to the differences between groups.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1563-1575
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• 2023

Acyl-coenzyme A (CoA):diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) catalyzes the last stage of triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, a process that forms ester bonds with diacylglycerols (DAG) and fatty acyl-CoA substrates. The enzymatic role of Dgat2 has been studied in various biological species. Still, the full description of how Dgat2 channels fatty acids in skeletal myocytes and the consequence thereof in glucose uptake have yet to be well established. Therefore, this study explored the mediating role of Dgat2 in glucose uptake and fatty acid partitioning under short interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA)-mediated Dgat2 knockdown conditions. Cells transfected with Dgat2 siRNA downregulated glucose transporter type 4 (Glut4) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and decreased the cellular uptake of [1-¹⁴C]-labeled 2-deoxyglucose up to 24.3% (p < 0.05). Suppression of Dgat2 deteriorated insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation. Dgat2 siRNA reduced [1-¹⁴C]-labeled oleic acid incorporation into TAG, but increased the level of [1-¹⁴C]-labeled free fatty acids at 3 h after initial fatty acid loading. In an experiment of chasing radioisotope-labeled fatty acids, Dgat2 suppression augmented the level of cellular free fatty acids. It decreased the level of re-esterification of free fatty acids to TAG by 67.6% during the chase period, and the remaining pulses of phospholipids and cholesteryl esters were decreased by 34.5% and 61%, respectively. Incorporating labeled fatty acids into beta-oxidation products increased in Dgat2 siRNA transfected cells without gene expression involving fatty acid oxidation. These results indicate that Dgat2 has regulatory function in glucose uptake, possibly through the reaction of TAG with endogenously released or recycled fatty acids.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.226-238
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• 2013

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential fatty acids because humans cannot synthesize them de novo and must obtain them in their diet. Fish and fish oil are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Significant evidence of the beneficial role of dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids in blood flow has been reported and putative mechanisms for improvement of blood flow include anti-thrombotic effects, lowered blood pressure, improved endothelial function, and anti-atherogenic effects. Edible oils containing omega-3 fatty acids were registered as functional ingredients in the Korea Health Functional Food Code. Although omega-3 fatty acids have been evaluated by the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) based on scientific evidence, periodic re-evaluation may be needed because emerging data related to omega-3 fatty acids have accumulated. Therefore, in this study, we re-evaluated scientific evidence for the effect of omega-3 fatty acids as a functional ingredient in health functional food on improvement of blood flow. A comprehensive literature search was conducted for collection of relevant human studies using the Medline and Cochrane, KISS, and IBIDS databases for the years 1955-2012. Search keywords were used by combination of terms related to omega-3 fatty acids and blood flow. The search was limited to human studies published in Korean, English, and Japanese. Using the KFDA's evidence based evaluation system for scientific evaluation of health claims, 112 human studies were identified and reviewed in order to evaluate the strength of the evidence supporting a relation between omega-3 fatty acids and blood flow. Among 112 studies, significant effects on improvement of blood flow were reported in 84 studies and the daily intake amount was ranged from 0.1 to 15 g. According to this methodology of systematic review, we concluded that there was possible evidence to support a relation between omega-3 fatty acid intake and blood flow. However, because inconsistent results have recently been reported, future studies should be monitored.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.5-9
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• 1995

The metabolites of marine mollusk Mytilus edulis were isolated and characterized, revealing the presence of the rare free fatty acids and proteinogenic amino acids together with a non-proteinogenic free amino acid, taurine. The free fatty acids in this organism were particularly interesting for the presence of both unusual n-6 acid [20:4 (n-6)] and triple bond containing acid (2,5-octadecadiynoic acid). In addition to the proteinogenic amino acids commonly found in proteins, non-proteinogenic free amino acid taurine was isolated and the structure was determined by its physicochemical properties. Recently taurine has been given much interest in the molecular level because of diverse biological activities and the medicinal properties. Furthermore, the result of the analyses of analyses of free amino acids showed that glycine, glutamic acid, serine and alanine, which were considered to be related to the taste of this organism, are predominantly present.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.5-8
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• 1978

Attempts were made to investigate on the fatty acids of Agaricus bisporus, a cultivated edible mushroom. Fats were extracted from it and saponified with alcoholic potassium hydroxide. Isolated fatty acids were methylated and were subjected to column chromatography and G.L.C. Eleven saturated fatty acids, i.e., dodecanoic, tridecanoic, tetradecanoic, pentadecanoic, hexadecanoic, heptadecanoic, octadecanoic, eicosenoic, uncosenoic, docosenoic, and tricosenoic acids, were identified. Especially palmitic and stearic acids were abundant. Nine unsaturated fatty acids appear to exist in the carpophore.