• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.206-211
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• 2004

It is very important to minimize the acid value of oil in the oil and fat industry, because acid value of oil products are a indicator quality. This study was performed to investigate change of moisture content, acid value and free fatty acid content by drying condition such as drying method, temperature and drying time on steamed duck egg york. Also, change of fatty acid composition by acid value. The acid values, moisture contents and free fatty acid contents were showed comparatively lower value by spray drying and freeze drying than by steam drying. but difference that keep in mind between each drying method was not looked. Whereas moisture content, acid value and free fatty acid content of effect of drying temperature reaches in lowest value. also, did not show change until dry 12hours reaching to lowest value by 3.1, 3.0％ and 0.98％ after dry 9hours both moisture content, acid value and free fatty acid content. Also, acid value increase, free fatty acid was increased, where unsaturated fatty acid showed that decrease rapidly.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.391-397
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• 2015

Two hundred and sixteen Institut de S$\acute{e}$lection Animale (ISA) brown layers (40 wks of age) were studied for 6 wks to examine the effect of microalgae powder (MAP) on egg production, egg quality, blood lipid profile, and fatty acid concentration of egg yolk. Dietary treatments were as follows: i) CON (basal diet), ii) 0.5% MAP (CON+0.5% Schizochytrium powder), and iii) 1.0% MAP (CON+1.0% Schizochytrium powder). From 44 to 46 wks, egg production was higher in 1.0% MAP treatment than in control treatment (linear, p = 0.034); however, there was no difference on the egg production from 40 to 43 wks (p>0.05). Serum triglyceride and total cholesterol were significantly reduced in the groups fed with MAP, compared to those in groups fed with control diets (Quadratic, p = 0.034 and p = 0.039, respectively). Inclusion of 0.5% MAP in the diet of layers improved egg yolk color, compared with hens fed with basal diet at 46 wks (quadratic, p = 0.044). Eggshell thickness was linearly increased in MAP-fed treatments at 46th wk (p<0.05). Concentration of yolk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3) was increased in treatment groups fed with MAP (linear, p<0.05). The n-6 fatty acids, n-6/n-3 fatty acid, and unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid were decreased in treatment groups fed with MAP (linear, p<0.05). These results suggest that MAP improved the egg production and egg quality, and may affect serum lipid metabolites in the layers. In addition, MAP increases yolk DHA levels, and deceases n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.1443-1459
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• 2019

Polyglycerol fatty acid ester nonionic surfactants have been used for a long time in foods and have been suggested as an alternative to the safety problems of PEG based nonionic surfactants. The polyglycerol fatty acid ester surfactants are synthesized by combining a hydrophilic polyglycerin and a lipophilic fatty acid. The hydrophilic polyglycerin is polymerized using glycerin, glycidol, epichlorohydrin, etc. The main issues of the polyglycerol polymerization reaction are to increase the content of the polyglycerol in the form of linear rather than branched or cyclic forms and to narrow the distribution of the degree of polymerization. The method of binding a lipophilic fatty acid group to a hydrophilic polyglycerin includes chemical synthesis such as esterification reaction and enzyme synthesis using lipase enzyme. The main issues of polyglycerin fatty acid ester synthesis are to increase the yield and to control the degree of esterification while reducing side reactions.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.763-768
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• 2012

The objective of this study was undertaken to investigate changes in fatty acid profile of breast and thigh muscle of old laying hens as transferred from cage to backyard raising system and to provide basic information on using old laying hens to producers for environmental managements. Overall, percentages of unsaturated fatty acid obtained from breast and thigh muscle with cage and backyard raising system are the most abundant, followed by saturated fatty acid. For breast muscle, there were no differences (P>0.05) between cage rearing system and backyard raising system in saturated fatty acid (SFA) and mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). Poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and PUFA:SFA ratios were significantly higher in backyard raising systems in comparison with cage rearing systems (P<0.05). No differences (P>0.05) were detected between both rearing systems for MUFA, PUFA, and PUFA:SFA ratios with thigh muscles. SFA in thigh muscle was significantly (P<0.05) higher in cage rearing systems compared with backyard raising systems. In conclusion, using breast and thigh muscle meats from old laying hens as functional foods or investigating impact assessment on the improvement of farm management system may serve as a good management practice to encourage producers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.1546-1550
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• 2007

This study aimed to provide basic information as the foundation for further studies on the assessment of velvet antler quality by investigating the changes in fatty acid, vitamin A and E, minerals and GAGs contents by development stage of antler in spotted deer (Cervus nippon). Twelve stags (aged 4 to 5 years) were divided into two groups and velvet antler harvested 40 days (FDG) and 60 days (SDG) after casting of the buttons from the previous set. Total saturated fatty acid was lower in FDG than SDG (p<0.05). Total monounsaturated fatty acid, conjugated linoleic acid (p<0.05), polyunsaturated fatty acid and ${\omega}$3 fatty acid were higher in FDG than SDG. The vitamin A content of FDG was higher than that of SDG, but the vitamin E content of FDG was lower than that of SDG (p<0.05). SDG had significantly higher calcium and phosphate content than FDG (p<0.05). The magnesium content showed a similar trend to the contents of calcium and phosphate, but there was no significant difference between SDG and FDG. Uronic acid content was higher in FDG than SDG but there was no significant difference. The contents of GAGs and sialic acid were significantly higher (p<0.05) in FDG than SDG. These results indicated that the longer stage of antler development had lower content of activating components and this lead to a decrease of antler quality.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 1998

In order to independently examine the effects of long-chain saturated fatty acids and dietary cholesterol levels on plasma and hepatic cholesterol concentrations, six different diets were fed to male Mongolian gerbils (14 gerbils pes grcup) for an 8-week period. Purified diets contained 36% energy as fat (each saturated fatty acid tested comprised about 20% of the total fat energy) and 0.06% (w/w) cholesterol, corresponding to typical human consumption patterns in Western diets. Fat blends were formulated with natural fat sources. To determine the effects of different saturated fatty acids on plasma and liver cholesterol levels, four of the six diets contained constant levels of all nutrients except for the amounts of lauric acid (12 0), myristic acid (14 : 0), palmitic acid (16 0), and stearic acid (18 : 0). Dietary cholesterol effects were tested using 16 : 0-enriched diets containing 0, 0.006, and 0.06% (w/w) cholesterol. None of the plasma lipids were influenced by fatty acid treatment, including triglycerides, plasma total-, VLDL+LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol. However, hepatic esterified cholesterol concentrations were increased in the palmitic and stearic arid diet groups compared to the lauric and myristic acid diet group. The molar ratios of hepatic EC/FC were the highest in the palmitic acid diet (12.2 $\pm$0.6) and the lowest in the myristic acid diet (6.4$\pm$0.2). Dietary cholesterol significantly (p<0.001) increased the plasma total cholesterol which was due to the increase of both HDL-and VLDL+LDL-cholesterol. In the absence of dietary cholesterol and compared to other species, the gerbil exhibited a high molar ratio of hepatic EC/FC, which was funker elevated by dietary cholesterol feeding (0.06%). The results from this study indicate that hepatic cholesterol concentrations are sensitive to both low levels of dietary cholesterol and saturated fatty acid chain length and also, that plasma cholesterol concentrations are sensitive to low levels of dietary cholesterol .

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2015

${\varepsilon}$-Polylysine (EPL) is used as a natural preservative in food. However, few studies have been conducted to assess the beneficial functions of dietary EPL. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism underlying the inhibition of neutral and acidic sterol absorption and hepatic enzyme activity-related fatty acid biosynthesis following EPL intake. EPL digest prepared using an in vitro digestion model had lower lipase activity and micellar lipid solubility and higher bile acid binding capacity than casein digest. Male Wistar rats were fed an AIN-93G diet containing 1% (wt/wt) EPL or L-lysine. After 4 weeks of feeding these diets, the marked decrease in serum and liver triacylglycerol contents by the EPL diet was partly attributed to increased fecal fatty acid excretion. The activities of hepatic acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which are key enzymes of fatty acid biosynthesis, were enhanced in rats fed EPL diet. The increased fatty acid biosynthesis activity due to dietary EPL may be prevented by the enhancement of fecal fatty acid excretion. The hypocholesterolemic effect of EPL was mediated by increased fecal neutral and acidic sterol excretions due to the EPL digest suppressing micellar lipid solubility and high bile acid binding capacity. These results show that dietary EPL has beneficial effects that could help prevent lifestyle-related diseases such as hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.192-198
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• 1996

This experiment was conducted to examine the effects of fish oil supplementation with low does on the lipid concentration and fatty acid composition of plasma and the fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipid and erythrocyte of infants. Among 18 breast-fed infants, 6 were in control group and 12 were in fish oil groups. The subjects in fish oil groups were nursed by their mothers who supplemented with fish oil 1.96g/d or 3.92g/d, respectively for 2 weeks from 10 to 12 weeks postpartum. The nursing mothers consumed their usual diets at home. Blood samples were collected at the final day of experiment. There were no significant changes in daily intakes of total lipid, triglyceride, free fatty acid, phospholipid and cholesterol of infants by fish oil supplementation. However, the content of EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid)increased and that of ARA (arachidonic acid) decreaed significantly in plasma PC(phophatidylchline). And also, there were tendencies to increase triglyceride concentration and to decrease cholesterol and phopholipid concentrations of plasma. As the above results, atherogenic index (AI) showed a tendency to decrease, but not significant. DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA contents in plasma PC and PE (phosphatidylethanolamin) as well as those of erythrocyte tended to increase. In these results, we concluded that fish oil supplementation with low dose to lactating women does not obviously affect of the plasma lipid concentrations and fatty acid composition of plasma PC and PE as well as erythrocyte. However the increase of EPA content of plasma PC and the tendency to increase DHA and EPA contents of plasma as well as erythrocyte membrane indicate that there may be some beneficial effect on infant lipid metabolism of fish oil intake of nutsing mother were increased.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.225-228
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• 1996

The cellular fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) analysis data obtained for clusters defined at a Euclidian distance of 17.5, in the classification of lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi, described by Lee et al. (4), was used for the identification of 79 Leuconostoc isolates. The test strains were isolated using a selective isolation medium specific for the genus Leuconostoc. These strains were then characterized according to their fatty acid profiles. The results show that all seventy nine test strains were identified to the known Leuconostoc clusters B, C, and D. Cluster B had the highest relative amount of the saturated fatty acid 16 : 0. The saturated fatty acid 16 : 0 and summed feature 9 were found as a major components in cluster C, which had a higher level of summed feature 9 than cluster B. Cluster D is characterized by the highest relative amount of the unsaturated fatty acid 18 : 1 w9c. It is suggested that FAMEs analysis can be successfully applied in the identification of lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• 제61권1호
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• pp.64-69
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• 2016

This study was conducted to develop a fast and efficient screening method to determine the quantity of fatty acid in peanut oil for high oleate breeding program. A total of 329 peanut samples were used in this study, 227 of which were considered in the calibration equation development and 102 were utilized for validation, using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). The NIRS equations for all the seven fatty acids had low standard error of calibration (SEC) values, while high R2 values of 0.983 and 0.991 were obtained for oleic and linoleic acids, respectively in the calibration equation. Furthermore, the predicted means of the two main fatty acids in the calibration equation were very similar to the means based on gas chromatography (GC) analysis, ranging from 36.7 to 77.1% for oleic acid and 7.1 to 42.7% for linoleic acid. Based on the standard error of prediction (SEP), bias values, and $R^2$ statistics, the NIRS fatty acid equations were accurately predicted the concentrations of oleic and linoleic acids of the validation sample set. These results suggest that NIRS equations of oleic and linoleic acid can be used as a rapid mass screening method for fatty acid content analysis in peanut breeding program.