• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.757-764
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• 2007

Marbling of cattle meat is dependent on the coordinated expression of multiple genes. Cattle dramatically increase their intramuscular fat content in the longissimus dorsi muscle between 12 and 27 months of age. We used the annealing control primer (ACP)-differential display RT-PCR method to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that may participate in the development of intramuscular fat between early (12 months old) and late fattening stages (27 months old). Using 20 arbitrary ACP primers, we identified and sequenced 14 DEGs. BLAST searches revealed that expression of the MDH, PI4-K, ferritin, ICER, NID-2, WDNMI, telethonin, filamin, and desmin (DES) genes increased while that of GAPD, COP VII, ACTA1, CamK II, and nebulin decreased during the late fattening stage. The results of functional categorization using the Gene Ontology database for 14 known genes indicated that MDH, GAPD, and COP VII are involved in metabolic pathways such as glycolysis and the TCA cycle, whereas telethonin, filamin, nebulin, desmin, and ACTA1 contribute to the muscle contractile apparatus, and PI4-K, CamK II, and ICER have roles in signal transduction pathways regulated by growth factor or hormones. The final three genes, NID-2, WDNMI, and ferritin, are involved in iron transport and extracellular protein inhibition. The expression patterns were confirmed for seven genes (MDH, PI4-K, ferritin, ICER, nebulin, WDNMI, and telethonin) using real-time PCR. We found that the novel transcription repressor ICER gene was highly expressed in the late fattening stage and during bovine preadipocyte differentiation. This information may be helpful in selecting candidate genes that participate in intramuscular fat development in cattle.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1007-1018
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding of garlic stalk silage on performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Feeding trial was conducted with 27 heads of Hanwoo steers and these animals were divided into two groups of control(rice straw) and garlic stalk silage. Animals consuming rice straw were fed concentrates and rice straw for 22 months from the 5 months of age and animals consuming garlic stalk silage were fed concentrates, rice straw and garlic stalk silage for 22 months from the 5 months of age. Animals fed rice straw and garlic stalk silage were fed 1.34 and 1.47, 1.69 and 1.74, 1.65 and 1.66% concentrates to body weight for the growing period, fattening period and finishing period, respectively. Animals fed rice straw and garlic stalk silage as roughage sources were fed 1.37 and 1.38, 0.65 and 0.63, 0.43 and 0.43% roughages to body weight for the growing period, fattening period and finishing period, respectively. Also, animals fed garlic stalk silage were offered 0.22 and 0.33% garlic stalk silage to body weight for the fattening and finishing period, respectively. Animals fed rice straw and garlic stalk silage as a roughage sources did not differ in average daily gain during the whole feeding periods. Animals of control group consumed less concentrates and roughage than those fed garlic stalk silage during the whole feeding periods. However, feed efficiency was not significantly different between both treatments. Beef yield including backfat thickness, eye muscle area and carcass weight was slightly lower in the animals fed garlic stalk silage than in the animals fed rice straw even though there were no differences between both treatments. However, beef quality including beef color, fat color, texture, maturity and marbling score was slightly higher in the garlic stalk silage-fed animals than in the animals fed rice straw although there were not statistically different between both treatments. Animals consuming garlic stalk silage was significantly(p<0.05) lower in shear value than those fed rice straw. Amino acid composition including essential amino acid and non-essential amino acid was not different between animals fed rice straw and garlic stalk silage. Eye muscle area of animals fed garlic stalk silage contained slightly higher oleic acid, less linoleic acid and arachidonic acid and more linolenic acid than that of animals fed rice straw only as a roughage sources. So eye muscle area of animals fed garlic stalk silage contained more mono-unsaturated fatty acid than that of animals fed rice straw and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio was narrower in the animals fed garlic stalk silage than in the animals fed rice straw. Economic income was higher by 20% in the animals fed garlic stalk silage than in the animals fed rice straw. Therefore, It may be concluded that feeding of garlic stalk silage as a roughage sources to steers during the fattening period seems to improve meat quality, fatty acid composition and economic income.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.222-229
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary multi-nutritional targeted supplementation according to different growth stages on performance, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics of Korean native Hanwoo steers. Thirty two Hanwoo steers, 6 months of age and weighing $159.2{\pm}24.1\;kg$, were distributed into 2 groups: control group without any supplements, and multi-nutritional targeted supplementation (MNTS) treatment group supplied with wheat bran and catechins (WBC, 8 to 16 months of age), ruminally protected amino acid-enriched fatty acid (RPAFA, 17 to 28 months of age) and ruminally protected choline with vitamin E (RPCV, 22 to 28 months of age), respectively. Average daily gain was not significantly different between the two groups. During the late fattening period, concentrate, rice straw and dry matter intakes were relatively lower in MNTS than in the control group. Rib eye area, back fat thickness and yield index were similar between the two groups. Meat color was relatively lower in MNTS compared with the control group. The appearance rate of high quality grade ($1^{++}$, $1^+$ and 1) tended to be higher in MNTS compared with the control group. Thus, the present results indicate that dietary multi-nutritional targeted supplementation at different growth stages could be recommendable to increase income according to production of high quality Hanwoo beef without any negative effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.375-382
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• 2009

This study examined the influence of forage source (grass hay and rice straw) and shipping time (24, 26, 28 and 30 months) on feed conversion ratio, growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Sixty four Hanwoo steers at 6 months age were fed either grass hay (n=32) or rice straw (n=32) for 24, 26, 28 and 30 months of age. Steers fed on mixed grass hay gained significantly higher body weight at 24, 26, 28 and 30 months compared with those fed on rice straw. Feed efficiency was slightly better in steers fed mixed grass hay compared to those fed rice straw. Back fat thickness and marbling score were increased with the age of steers (p<0.05). Carcass quality traits (meat color, fat color, texture and maturity) were not affected by forage source and shipping time. Shear force, cooking loss and water holding capacity of beef were reduced with advancing age of steers (p<0.05). Moisture content was lower and fat content was higher in beef produced from steers fed mixed grass hay than those fed rice straw (p<0.05). Beef juiciness was reduced with the advancing shipping time of steers. In conclusion, it would be beneficial to feed hay compared with rice straw during whole period of Hanwoo steer to produce high quality beef.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary effect of total mixed rations (TMR) containing brewers grain, soybean curd and rice straw, respectively, on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Twenty four Hanwoo steers (average body weight 168 kg) in 6 months age were randomly allocated to 4 experimental groups, which contained 6 animals per group during 22-months feeding trial. The treatment was composed of the group fed concentrate and rice straw separately (T1), the group fed TMR containing brewers grain (T2), the group fed TMR containing soybean curd (T3) and the group fed TMR containing rice straw (T4). Body weight (BW) was not different among treatment groups during the growing and middle fattening period. However, it was significantly greater in T4 group than in T2 group on the final BW (p<0.05). Average daily gain was significantly greater in TMR groups compared to T1 group on the growing and late fattening (p<0.05). However, it was not different in total average. Dry matter intake tended to be increased in TMR groups. The feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in T4 group compare to T2 group (p<0.05). According to the yield traits, carcass weight of T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 389.0, 368.4, 387.5 and 384.3 kg, respectively. The back fat thickness, rib-eye area, and yield index were not different among the groups. Meat color, fat color, texture and maturity were not significantly different among groups. However, marbling score and appearance rate of meat quality grade of over $1^+$ were greater in T2 and T3 groups compare to other groups. Therefore, these results indicated that TMR with brewers grain and soybean curd may be ameliorated the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2013

The present study was conducted with three ruminally cannulated non-lactating Holstein cattle in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design to determine the fermentation characteristics and effective degradability (ED) in the rumen, as well as the whole tract digestibility of whole crop silage based total mixed ration (TMR) in comparison with conventional separate feeding of concentrate and rice straw for late fattening Hanwoo steers. The cattle in each group were fed separate feeding of concentrate and rice straw (control), whole crop barley silage based TMR (BS-TMR) or whole crop rye silage based TMR (RS-TMR). The ruminal fermentation characteristics such as pH, ammonia-N concentration and total volatile fatty acid were not affected by the experimental diet. The molar portion of acetate ($C_2$) was lowest in rumen fluid 1 h after feeding when cattle were fed BS-TMR (p<0.033). Molar proportions of propionate ($C_3$), butyrate and $C_2/C_3$ were not influenced by the experimental diet. There were no differences in effective degradability or whole tract digestibility of feed components among any of the experimental diets. The data obtained from the metabolism trial indicate that the feeding value of TMR with BS or RS is equal to that of a conventional separate feeding of concentrate and rice straw.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.341-350
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• 2002

Twenty four Hanwoo bulls(mean initial body weight 162$\pm$8.1kg) were employed to induce the regression equations on body weight gain and dry matter intake. The diets were fed in a 3${\times}$4 factorial arrangement; three roughage sources(rice straw, hay, corn silage) and four roughage ratios in ration(100, 60, 40, 20%). Bulls were alloted by incomplete turn over design with four replications. Daily body weight gain was greatest in bulls fed the corn silage as a roughage source and the 20% of roughage ratio, respectively. Bulls fed hay or corn silage only as feed kept in their body weight gain during the whole experimental period, however those fed rice straw only were in a negative body gain hereafter fatteningⅠperiod(350kg of body wt.). Dry matter intake per metabolizable body weight was decreased with increasing body weight. Dry matter intake was greatest in bulls fed the corn silage as a roughage source and the 20% of roughage ratio, respectively. The regression equations on daily body weight gain(DG, kg) and dry matter intake(DMI, kg/day) according to body weight(BW, kg) of Hanwoo bulls were derived as follows; DG = －0.842 + 17.5DMI/$BWkg^{0.75}$ DMI = 4.125 + 0.013BW + 1.075DG － 0.045NDF where, NDF is the percentage of neutral detergent fiber in ration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1464-1469
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• 2006

The present study was conducted with twenty-four Korean native (Hanwoo) steers to observe the effect of mixed oil and monensin supplementation and duration of feeding on c9,t11-CLA content in plasma and fat tissues. The steers were randomly assigned to three groups of eight animals each according to body weight. Hanwoo steers in the control group were fed the commercial concentrate for the late fattening stage. The other groups of steers were fed the same diet as control steers, but the concentrate was supplemented with high-$C_{18:2}$ oil mixture (soybean oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil) and fish oil at 6% level of concentrate (DM basis), and monensin (20 ppm). The second and third group of steers was fed the oil mixture supplemented diet with monensin for the last 10 weeks and 20 weeks, respectively, prior to being slaughtered. The oil mixture consisted of 45% soybean oil, 20% sunflower oil, 20% safflower oil and 15% fish oil. Average daily gain (p<0.049) and feed efficiency (p<0.018) of the steers fed the diet supplemented with oil mixture and monensin (OM-M) for 20 weeks were higher than those of the other groups of steers. Dressing percent, fat thickness and longissimus muscle area were not affected by the OM-M supplementation and duration of its feeding. The OM-M supplementation increased the content of total-cholesterol (p<0.0001-0.0007) and HDL-cholesterol (p<0.0001) in the plasma of steers compared to the control diet. The steers fed the OM-M diet had a higher proportion of c9,t11-CLA in plasma (p<0.048-0.044) than the control steers. Feeding the OM-M diet for 20 weeks increased the proportion of CLA in intramuscular (p<0.015), intermuscular (p<0.039) and subcutaneous (p<0.001) fat tissues compared with both steers fed the control diet and the OM-M diet for 10 weeks. Increased (p<0.007) proportion of total unsaturated fatty acids in steers fed the OM-M diet for 20 weeks compared to those in control steers was related to the increased (p<0.001) $C_{18:2}$ and decreased (p<0.001) $C_{18:0}$ proportions in subcutaneous tissue.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.235-242
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the proper feeding level and duration of fermented barley grain feed before harvesting to improve the availability of barley for feed. Trial 1 was to investigate the proper feeding amount of fermented barley grain fermented feed, and we prepared 32 heads (603.4 ± 42.7kg) of 22-month-old Hanwoo steer (603.4 ± 42.7kg) for 8 heads in 4 treatment groups. 48 heads (625.8 ± 13.1kg) for Trial 2 were used for 12heads per 4 treatments, and were reared for about 9 months until 30 months of age. Trial 1 is treated a Control group that feed 10㎏ of concentrate, replaces 10% fermented barley grain feed(FBGF) of the control by (TRT 1) and 20% (TRT 2) and 30%(TRT 3). Concentrate and FBGF fed 9, 2.1 kg, 8, 4.2 kg, 7 and 7, 6.3 kg on each treatments respectively and 1.5 kg of rice straw for forage. In Trial 2, 10% of alternative diets were judged to be appropriate, and the control of 9kg of diets and barley grain fermented feeds were used to determine the appropriate feeding period. The treatments were 3 months before shipment (TRT 1), 6 months (TRT 2) and 9 months (TRT32). Each treatment group had 8 and 2.1 kg of concentrate and barley grain fermentation, respectively. As a feed, rice straw was fed to 1.5 kg. The daily gains per treatment were higher in TRT 1 and TRT 3 was similar to the Control. Body weight and daily gain during the test period were higher in TRT 1 fed 10% barley grain fermented feed. TRT 2 was the highest at 6.13, and TRT 3 was 6.0, which was higher than 5.63 of TRT 1 and 5.5 of Control.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.6
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• pp.1214-1225
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• 2023

We investigated the effect of energy levels on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid composition of Holstein steers at different slaughter ages. Forty Holstein steers with an average body weight (BW) of 234.21 ± 7.42 kg and 7.78 ± 0.22 months were randomly allocated to two experimental groups; a 22-month-old experimental group and a 24-month-old experimental group. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) for each group were set to 70% (T1) and 72% (T2) during fattening phase and 74% (T3) and 76% (T4) for the finishing phase, respectively. No difference was observed in the final BW between the experimental groups during the fattening phase. However, in the finishing phase, the final BW of T4 (820.31 kg) group was significantly higher than that of T1 (745.57 kg; p < 0.05). The average daily gain (ADG) of T2 group in the finishing phase and overall period were 1.27 kg and 1.26 kg, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of T1 (1.11 kg and 1.12 kg; p < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and TDN conversion ratio of T2 group in the finishing phase also decreased by 10.23% and 7.73%, respectively, compared to those of T1. The cold carcass weight of T4 group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of T1, whereas back fat thickness, longissimus area, and marbling score were not significantly different among groups. No differences were observed in physicochemical characteristics of the carcass including moisture, crude protein, and crude fat content among groups. However, the composition of fatty acids differed significantly between the groups. The content of C18:0 was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in T4 than in T1 group, and the content of C18:2 was higher in T4 than in T1 and T3 (p < 0.05). Therefore, feeding Holstein steers at a high-energy feeding level during the fattening and finishing phases improves ADG and reduces the slaughter age from 24 months to 22 months.