• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.214-221
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• 2018

Clarification is needed regarding the definitions and classification of groove and hollowness of the infraorbital region depending on the cause, anatomical characteristics, and appearance. Grooves in the infraorbital region can be classified as nasojugal grooves (or folds), tear trough deformities, and palpebromalar grooves; these can be differentiated based on anatomical characteristics. They are caused by the herniation of intraorbital fat, atrophy of the skin and subcutaneous fat, contraction of the orbital part of the orbicularis oculi muscle or squinting, and malar bone resorption. Safe and successful treatment requires an optimal choice of filler and treatment method. The choice between a cannula and needle depends on various factors; a needle is better for injections into a subdermal area in a relatively safe plane, while a cannula is recommended for avoiding vascular compromise when injecting filler into a deep fat layer and releasing fibrotic ligamentous structures. The injection of a soft-tissue filler into the subcutaneous fat tissue is recommended for treating mild indentations around the orbital rim and nasojugal region. Reducing the tethering effect of ligamentous structures by undermining using a cannula prior to the filler injection is recommended for treating relatively deep and fine indentations. The treatment of mild prolapse of the intraorbital septal fat or broad flattening of the infraorbital region can be improved by restoring the volume deficiency using a relatively firm filler.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.650-657
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to estimate average total fat and fatty acid intakes as well as identify major food sources using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI-1 (2013). SUBJECTS/METHODS: Total fat and fatty acid intakes were estimated using 24-hour dietary recall data on 7,048 participants aged ${\geq}3years$ from the KNHANES VI-1 (2013). Data included total fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA), and n-6 fatty acid (n-6 FA) levels. Population means and standard errors of the mean were weighted in order to produce national estimates and separated based on sex, age, income, as well as residential region. Major food sources of fat, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, n-3 FA, and n-6 FA were identified based on mean consumption amounts of fat and fatty acids in each food. RESULTS: The mean intake of total fat was 48.0 g while mean intakes of SFA, MUFA, PUFA, n-3 FA, and n-6 FA were 14.4 g, 15.3 g, 11.6 g, 1.6 g, and 10.1 g, respectively. Intakes of MUFA and SFA were each higher than that of PUFA in all age groups. Pork was the major source of total fat, SFA, and MUFA, and soybean oil was the major source of PUFA. Milk and pork were major sources of SFA in subjects aged 3-11 years and ${\geq}12years$, respectively. Perilla seed oil and soybean oil were main sources of n-3 FA in subjects aged ${\geq}50years$ and aged < 50 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Estimation of mean fatty acid intakes of this study using nationally represented samples of the Korean population could be useful for developing and evaluating national nutritional policies.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.630-641
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• 2022

Purpose: In this study, we assessed the intake of nutrients and food groups and analyzed the nutrition quotient of obese children in South Korea. The hypothesis was that dietary quality and nutrient intake are related to the body mass index (BMI) of obese children. Methods: The participants included 48 children (20 boys and 28 girls). Based on the guidelines for the age-for-body mass index provided by the Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents, the participants were divided into 3 groups: overweight, BMI ≥ 85th percentile; obese, BMI ≥ 95th percentile; severely obese, BMI ≥ 99th percentile. Results: The energy distribution showed that the carbohydrate ratio was significantly higher in the overweight group (p < 0.01), whereas the fat ratio was significantly higher in the obese and severely obese groups (p < 0.05). Thus, in the overweight and obese groups, the percent body fat was negatively associated with the carbohydrate ratio (p < 0.05) but was positively associated with the fat ratio (p < 0.05). The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) data revealed that the intake levels of protein, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₁₂, and sodium were higher in all groups. Intakes of fiber, calcium, potassium, and magnesium were insufficient in all groups, and the DRI percent for protein was significantly higher in the obese and severely obese groups than in the overweight group. No significant differences were obtained in food group patterns or Nutrition Quotient (NQ) scores among the 3 groups. According to the evaluation results by food record and NQ, a significant difference was obtained in the dietary quality of obese children. Conclusion: We conclude that a higher intake of fat enhances weight gain. Based on the study results, we propose that the guidelines should consider the energy distribution of carbohydrate and fat intake to prevent and control obesity among Korean children.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.259-264
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• 2004

Baek-kimchi (whitish baechu kimchi) was evaluated for anti-obesity properties and effects on triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol in blood and adipose tissues in rats fed a high fat (20 %) diet, and compared to the similar effects of baechu kimchi. Baek-kimchi does not use red pepper powder but contains higher levels of sliced radish and pear than baechu kimchi. SD rats were raised for four weeks on either a normal diet (ND, based on the AIN-93M diet), high fat diet (HFD, supplemented with 16% lard oil in the ND), or HFD containing 5 % baek-kimchi or 5 % baechu kimchi. Feed consumption was not different among the groups, but weight gains were significantly lower in the groups fed either the normal diet or HFD with baek-kimchi or baechu kimchi diets than the group fed HFD alone. The weights of liver and epididymal and perirenal fat pads in baek-kimchi and baechu kimchi diet groups were lower than those of the HFD groups, but the baek-kimchi diet group had lower epididymal and perirenal fat pad weights than the baechu kimchi diet group (p<0.05). The baechu kimchi dietary group also had significantly lower triglyceride and cholesterol contents in liver and epididymal and perirenal fat, reversing the higher levels seen in HFD. Baek-kimchi and baechu kimchi diets were also effective in lowering serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels (p<0.05). These results suggest that baek-kimchi and baechu kimchi consumption can reverse the effects of HFD on weight gain and blood and tissue lipids, and that baek-kimchi is more effective than baechu kimchi. The greater effect is probably due to the higher content of radish and pear used in baek-kimchi.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.395-402
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• 2019

Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) accumulation is a constitutional disorder resulting from metabolic syndrome. Although surgical and non-surgical methods for reducing SAT exist, patients remain non-compliant because of potential adverse effects and cost. In this study, we developed a new minimally-invasive approach to achieve SAT reduction, using a microneedle (MN) patch prepared from gelatin, which is capable of regulating fat metabolism. Four gelatin types were used: three derived from fish (SA-FG, GT-FG 220, and GT-FG 250), and one from swine (SM-PG 280). We applied gelatin-based MN patches five times over 4 weeks to rats with high-fat diet (HD)-induced obesity, and determined the resulting amount of SAT. We also investigated the histological features and determined the expression levels of fat metabolism-associated genes in SAT using hematoxylin and eosin staining and western blotting, respectively. SAT decreased following treatment with all four gelatin MN patches. Smaller adipocytes were observed in the regions treated with SA-FG, GT-FG 250, and SM-PG 280 MNs, demonstrating a decline in fat accumulation. The expression levels of fat metabolism-associated genes in the MN-treated SAT revealed that GT-FG 220 regulates fatty acid synthase (FASN) protein levels. These findings suggest that gelatin MN patches aid in decreasing the quantity of unwanted SAT by altering lipid metabolism and fat deposition.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권2호
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• pp.332-338
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to predict body compositions of live pigs using bioelectrical impedance procedures. In experiment 1, 32 crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) finishing pigs with an average weight at 84.06 kg were used. In experiment 2, 96 crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) finishing pigs with an average weight at 88.8 kg were used. A four-terminal body composition analyser was utilized to determine fat percentage. Lean meat percentage and backfat thickness were measured with a lean meat measuring meter. In experiment 1, fat percentage was not significantly correlated with lean meat percentage, although a tendency (p < 0.1) of a negative correlation was found. Backfat thickness was significantly correlated with fat percentage and lean meat percentage (r = 0.745 and r = -0.961, respectively). Coefficients of determination for fat percentage with lean meat percentage, fat percentage with backfat thickness, and backfat thickness with lean meat percentage were 0.503, 0.566, and 0.923, respectively. In experiment 2, fat percentage was significantly correlated with lean meat percentage (r = -0.972). Backfat thickness was also significantly correlated with fat percentage and lean meat percentage (r = 0.935 and r = -0.957, respectively). Results of this study indicate that bioelectrical impedance analysis might be useful for predicting body compositions of live finishing pigs.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.458-468
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• 2019

본 연구는 12주간 웨이트트레이닝에 의한 체지방 감소가 개인적인 특성과 피부두겹의 변화 등에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는지를 분석하여 보다 효과적인 웨이트트레이닝 전략을 제안한 연구이다. 분석결과 첫째 개인특성이 피부두겹의 변화에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았으나 체지방 변화에는 높은 수준의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 피부두겹의 변화는 체지방 변화에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 주었다. 셋째, 웨이트트레이닝에 의한 피부두겹의 변화는 남성이 여성에 비해 상대적으로 높은 변화수준을 보였다. 체지방 변화에 있어서도 남성이 여성에 비해 높은 변화를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 본 결과를 종합하면 12주간의 웨이트트레이닝을 통해 나타난 피부두겹과 체지방의 변화는 개인특성에 의해 수준의 차이가 존재하고 있으며, 피부두겹의 변화는 체지방 변화에 높은 수준의 영향을 미치고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 이는 본 연구의 웨이트트레이닝 프로그램은 획일적인 방법과 양으로 같은 성과를 나타내려는 노력보다는 개인특성에 맞는 웨이트트레이닝의 시간, 양, 수준을 고려한 규칙적인 웨이트트레이닝 프로그램을 실시한다면 현대인의 비만 문제를 해결하고, 건강관련 체력을 향상시키는데 보다 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.1037-1046
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• 2004

Age-dependent changes in body fat can often be observed in normal population. A series of indirect body fat estimates, such as hydrodensitometry, Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis(BIA), and anthropometry equation for body fat, have been developed. The BIA made it possible to analyze body fat mass more related to hydrodensitometry than anthropometry. This study is to compare the body composition analysis between bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA) and anthropometric measurements of women. The subjects were a group of Daejeon residents including 32 young-aged women($21.50{\pm}1.44$), 30 middle-aged women($50.33{\pm}5.27$), and 40 old-aged women($69.22{\pm}5.74$). We used BIA(inbody 3.0, Biospace Korea) to determine body fat and other body composition. We also measured weight, height, circumference for 12 parts, and skinfold thickness for 9 parts of all subjects' body. The results are as follows: The subjects' height by the age group were $161.74{\pm}0.94cm$ in the young-aged women, $154.16{\pm}1.09cm$ in the middle-aged, and $148.60{\pm}0.78cm$ in the old-aged respectively. BMI were, in order, $21.68{\pm}0.49,\;22.87{\pm}0.89,\;and\;23.85{\pm}0.55$. Relative body fat determined by BIA was, also in order, $29.06{\pm}0.92%,\;26.35{\pm}1.02%,and\;29.35{\pm}1.07%$. Circumference and skinfold that showed the highest correlation with body fat by BIA was waist in the young-aged(r=0.738) and bast in the middle- and old-aged(r=0.844, r=0.804), and triceps in the young-and old-aged(r=0.538, r=0.798), and subcostal in the middle-aged(r=0.872). Body fat Estimations by BIA were the highest correlation with Caucasian women's equation(r=0.588) in young-aged women, Siri's equation with Durnin & Womesley's body density measurement(r=0.875) in middle aged women and Caucasian women' equation(r=0.872) in old aged women. We need to develop specific anthropometric equations based on sex and age to determine body fat.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.589-596
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• 2016

본 연구의 목적은 비만 중년여성을 대상으로 12주간의 걷기운동 후 복부 지방 감량 정도의 차이와 대사증후군 위험인자 개선 간의 관련성을 조사하는데 있었다. 걷기 운동 프로그램은 주당 3회 12주간 실시하였다. 12주간의 걷기운동 후 피험자들의 복부 내장지방 감량 정도의 차이에 따라 복부 내장지방 감량이 많은 상위 25% 집단(n=8)과 복부 내장지방 감량이 적은 하위 25%(n=8)으로 집단을 구분하였다. 12주간의 걷기 운동 프로그램 전후 복부내장지방 감량 정도에 따른 집단 간 대사증후군 위험인자(허리둘레, 중성지방, 고밀도지단백 콜레스테롤, 공복시혈당, 혈압)는 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로, 12주간의 걷기 운동 실시 후 총 복부 지방과 내장지방의 감량 정도는 허리둘레, 혈압(SBP, DBP)과 정적인 상관관계가 나타났고, 피하지방의 감량 정도는 허리둘레와 혈압(SBP)과 정적인 상관관계가 나타났다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.577-582
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• 2002

본 연구는 기존의 유화형 소시지와 유사한 조직적인 성상을 갖는 저지방 세절 소시지를 제조를 위한 지방대체제를 단일 및 혼합 사용하여 첨가하고 그 적정량을 구하기 위하여 이화학적 검사, 기능성 및 물성검사를 실시하였다. 저지방 세절 소시지는 3% 미만의 지방과 77-79%의 수분 및 약 13-15%의 단백질을 가진 반면에 기존의 유화형 대조구는 19.4%의 지방과 62.5%의 수분 및 11.9%의 단백질을 함유함으로써 지방함량을 최소화하는 대신 수분과 단백질의 함량이 증가하였다. konjac flour(KF)는 단독 혹은 다른 지방대체제와 복합으로 첨가시 보수력이 좋았고 지방대체제 첨가에 의한 가열수율을 높일 수 있었다. Carrageenan(CN)은 보수력이 낮은 결점이 있으나 다른 친수성 콜로이드보다 겔 강도가 높아 경도를 증가시킴으로서 보수력이 높은 KF와 CN의 복합 지방대체제의 첨가는 상호보완적임을 알 수 있었다. 대두단백질을 첨가한 처리구는 원래 대두단백질 분말의 황색에 영향을 받아 황색도(Hunter b value)가 높았고 조직검사에서는 저지방 세절 소시지가 지방대체제의 첨가에 상관없이 기존의 유화형 소시지에 비하여 높은 경도를 보였으나, KF와 CN을 지방대체제로 첨가하고 대두단백질(1.5%)을 식육단백질(6%)과 대체하였을 때 기존의 유화형 소시지와 검성, 저작성 및 응집성이 유사한 조직감을 보였다. 결론적으로 KF와 CN 및 대두단백질의 복합지방대체제의 첨가가 단일 지방대체제에 비하여 저지방 소시지의 보수력 및 가열수율 등의 기능성을 높일 수 있었고 기존의 유화형 소시지와 가장 흡사한 조직감을 가짐을 알 수 있었다.