• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.455-465
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• 2001

Glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) is one of the intermediate filaments, and used as an astrocyte detection marker. GFAP distribution has been studied on the fetal, neonatal and aged brains. In this study, the GFAP immunoreactive cell localization and distribution in the fetal (30, 45, 60, 90, 105 and 120 days of gestation) and neonate spinal cords of Korean native goat were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Nonpolar radial glial cells initiated to appear at 45 days of gestation. GFAP-immunoreactive processes were extended from central canal to pia matter. Bipolar immumoreactive cells were transformed to monopolar and multipolar immunoreactive cells at 45 days of gestation. Multipolar astrocytes of 60 days of gestation were found within white and gray matters of spinal cord. The number of GFAP-immunoreactive cells were gradually decreased from 90 days of gestation until newborn neonate. The intensity of GFAP immunoreactivity was gradually decreased from 95 days of gestation until newborn neonate. These results suggest that the radial glial cells within the gray and white matters of spinal cord are very fast developed.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.179-187
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• 2011

This review describes the characteristics of various unculturable soil bacteria, successfully-cultivating examples of those bacteria, and the diverse factors to be considered for successful cultivation. Most importantly, the selection of proper media is very important because unculturable bacteria demand different types of nutrients at various concentrations of substrates, nitrogens and phosphorus. To develop a new medium to successfully culture unculturable bacteria from soil, molecular ecological studies should be combined together. The inoculum size on a plate is also important: less than 50 bacterial cells are recommended to be plated on a single culture plate. The environmental factors such as pH and salt concentration of the medium need to be adjusted as similar as possible to mimic the original soil environments, and the trial of the various temperatures and extended period of cultivation are better. Since one cannot simply tell about which one was unculturable among a great number of colonies grown on a newly developed medium, some suitable detection methods and fast identification methods are required. Many soil bacteria live with cooperation one another in their communities, so that enrichment such as coculture of using other bacterial metabolites and subsequent pure cultures can also guarantee successful cultivation of the previously uncultured bacteria in soil. Here, this review will discuss for the future perspectives to culture the unculturable soil bacteria.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1245-1245
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• 2001

Food adulteration is a serious consumer fraud and a matter of concern to food processors and regulatory agencies. A range of analytical methods have been investigated to facilitate the detection of adulterated or mis-labelled foods & food ingredients but most of these require sophisticated equipment, highly-qualified staff and are time-consuming. Regulatory authorities and the food industry require a screening technique which will facilitate fast and relatively inexpensive monitoring of food products with a high level of accuracy. Near infrared spectroscopy has been investigated for its potential in a number of authenticity issues including meat speciation (McElhinney, Downey & Fearn (1999) JNIRS, 7(3), 145-154; Downey, McElhinney & Fearn (2000). Appl. Spectrosc. 54(6), 894-899). This report describes further analysis of these spectral sets using a hierarchical approach and binary decisions solved using logistic regression. The sample set comprised 230 homogenized meat samples i. e. chicken (55), turkey (54), pork (55), beef (32) and lamb (34) purchased locally as whole cuts of meat over a 10-12 week period. NIR reflectance spectra were recorded over the wavelength range 400-2498nm at 2nm intervals on a NIR Systems 6500 scanning monochromator. The problem was defined as a series of binary decisions i. e. is the meat red or white\ulcorner is the red meat beef or lamb\ulcorner, is the white meat pork or poultry\ulcorner etc. Each of these decisions was made using an individual binary logistic model based on scores derived from principal component or partial least squares (PLS1 and PLS2) analysis. The results obtained were equal to or better than previous reports using factorial discriminant analysis, K-nearest neighbours and PLS2 regression. This new approach using a combination of exploratory and logistic analyses also appears to have advantages of transparency and the use of inherent structure in the spectral data. Additionally, it allows for the use of different data transforms and multivariate regression techniques at each decision step.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1158-1158
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• 2001

Fast and dynamic biochemical, enzymatic and morphological changes occur during the so-called generative development and during the vegetative processes in seeds. The most characteristic biochemical and compositional changes of this period are the formation and decline of storage components or their precursors, the change of their degree in polymerization and an extensive change in water content. The aim of the present study was to detect the maturation processes in seed nondestructively and to verify the applicability of near infrared spectroscopic methods in the measurement of physiological, chemical and biochemical changes in wheat seed. The amount and variation of different water “species” has been changed intensively during maturation. Characteristic changes of three water absorption bands (1920, 1420 and 1150 nm) during maturation were analysed. It was concluded that the free/bound transition of water molecules could be followed sensitively in different region of NIR spectra. Kinetic changes of carbohydrate reserves were characteristic during maturation. An intensive formation and decline of carbohydrate reserves were observed during early stage of maturation (0 -13 days, high energy demand). An accelerated formation of storage carbohydrates (starch) was detected in the second phase of maturation. Five characteristic absorption bands were analysed which were sensitive indicators the changes of carbohydrates occurred during maturation. Precursors of protein synthesis and the synthesis of reserve proteins and their kinetic changes during maturation were followed from NIR spectra qualitative and qualitatively. Dynamic formation of amino acids and the changes of N forms were detected by spectroscopic, chromatographic and by capillary electrophoresis methods. Calibration equations were developed and validated in order to measure the optimal maturation time protein and moisture content of developing wheat seeds. The spectroscopic methods are offering chance and measurement potential in order to detect fine details of physiological processes. The spectra have many hidden details, which can help to understand the biochemical background of processes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1152-1152
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• 2001

Food adulteration is a serious consumer fraud and a matter of concern to food processors and regulatory agencies. A range of analytical methods have been investigated to facilitate the detection of adulterated or mis-labelled foods & food ingredients but most of these require sophisticated equipment, highly-qualified staff and are time-consuming. Regulatory authorities and the food industry require a screening technique which will facilitate fast and relatively inexpensive monitoring of food products with a high level of accuracy. Near infrared spectroscopy has been investigated for its potential in a number of authenticity issues including meat speciation (McElhinney, Downey & Fearn (1999) JNIRS, 7(3), 145 154; Downey, McElhinney & Fearn (2000). Appl. Spectrosc. 54(6), 894-899). This report describes further analysis of these spectral sets using a hierarchical approach and binary decisions solved using logistic regression. The sample set comprised 230 homogenized meat samples i. e. chicken (55), turkey (54), pork (55), beef (32) and lamb (34) purchased locally as whole cuts of meat over a 10-12 week period. NIR reflectance spectra were recorded over the wavelength range 400-2498nm at 2nm intervals on a NIR Systems 6500 scanning monochromator. The problem was defined as a series of binary decisions i. e. is the meat red or white\ulcorner is the red meat beef or lamb\ulcorner, is the white meat pork or poultry\ulcorner etc. Each of these decisions was made using an individual binary logistic model based on scores derived from principal component or partial least squares (PLS1 and PLS2) analysis. The results obtained were equal to or better than previous reports using factorial discriminant analysis, K-nearest neighbours and PLS2 regression. This new approach using a combination of exploratory and logistic analyses also appears to have advantages of transparency and the use of inherent structure in the spectral data. Additionally, it allows for the use of different data transforms and multivariate regression techniques at each decision step.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.2101-2101
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• 2001

Near-infrared spectroscopy is now being used in clinical diagnosis as a non-invasive monitor of tissue oxygenation state. However, due to lack of the optical pathlength information within tissues, it is still difficult to quantitate the hemoglobin concentration with present CW techniques. Time-resolved spectroscopy (TRS), which measures temporal profiles of emerging light from tissues, enables to estimate the pathlength distribution within tissues by converting time to distance. Consequently, quantitative measurement of tissue oxygenation is possible by analyzing the data with optical diffusion equation 1) or our Microscopic Beer-Lambert law2). Time-Resolved Spectroscopy System : TRS-1O3) Our TRS-10 system consists of a three-wavelength (759, 797, 833 nm) PLP as pulsed light source, a high speed PMT with high sensitivity and three signal-processing circuits for time-resolved measurement (CFD/TAC, A/D converter and histogram memory). Optical pulse train consisting of 759, 797 and 833nm is generated by PLP at 5㎒ repetition rate and irradiated a sample through a single optical fiber. The diffuse-reflected light from the sample is collected by a bundle fiber and then detected by the PMT for single photon measurement. After being amplified by a following fast amplifier, the electrical signals for each wavelength are picked out by CFD/TAC module. Then, a signal processing circuit integrated the TRS data for each wavelength individually. The simultaneous TRS measurement for three wavelengths achieved without any optical or mechanical switch. Experiment and Results Input and detection fibers of TRS-10 were attached at the human forehead with a fiber separation of 3cm. TRS measurements were continuously performed for about 20 minutes including 2 minutes hyper ventilation. It was observed that the total hemoglobin concentration was decreasing during the hyper ventilation and recovered until 2 minutes after hyper ventilation. On the other hand, the deoxy-hemoglobin concentration began to increase after hyper ventilation and had its peak at around 2 minute later, showing 502 drop from 75% to 60% due to inhibition of breathing by performing hyper ventilation. The results showed that this system might be able to quantitate the concentrations of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin in the human brain.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2017

We present penetration depth (PD) computation algorithms using explicit Minkowski sum construction ($PD_e$) and implicit Minkowski sum construction ($PD_i$). Minkowski sum construction is the most time consuming part in fast PD computation. In order to address this issue, we find a candidate solution using a centroid difference and motion coherence. Then, $PD_e$ constructs or updates partial Minkowski sum around the candidate solution. In contrast, $PD_i$ constructs only a tangent plane to the Minkowski sums iteratively. In practice, our algorithms can compute PD for complicated models consisting of thousands of triangles in a few milli-seconds. We also discuss the benefits of using different construction of Minkowski sums in the context of PD.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2011

Since PAN(panchromatic) and MS(multispectral) imagery of pushbroom scanner have the offset between PAN and MS CCD(charge coupled device) in the focal plane, PAN and MS images are acquired at different time and angle. Since clouds are fast moving objects, they should lead mis-registration problem with wrong matching points on clouds. The registration of cloudy imagery to recognize and remove the contamination of clouds can be categorized into three classes: (1) cloud is considered as nose and removed (2) employing multi-spectral imagery (3) using multi-temporal imagery. In this paper, method (1) and (3) are implemented and analysed with cloudy pushbroom scanner images.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.157-166
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• 2016

In this paper, a new sag and peak voltage detector is proposed for a single-phase inverter using delta square operation. The conventional sag detector is from a single-phase digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) that is based on d-q transformations using an all-pass filter (APF). The d-q transformation is typically used in the three-phase coordinate system. The APF generates a virtual q-axis voltage component with a 90° phase delay, but this virtual phase cannot reflect a sudden change in the grid voltage at the instant the voltage sag occurs. As a result, the peak value is drastically distorted, and it settles down slowly. A modified APF generates the virtual q-axis voltage component from the difference between the current and the previous values of the d-axis voltage component in the stationary reference frame. However, the modified APF cannot detect the voltage sag and peak value when the sag occurs around the zero crossing points such as 0° and 180°, because the difference voltage is not sufficient to detect the voltage sag. The proposed algorithm detects the sag voltage through all regions including the zero crossing voltage. Moreover, the exact voltage drop can be acquired by calculating the q-axis component that is proportional to the d-axis component. To verify the feasibility of the proposed system, the conventional and proposed methods are compared using simulations and experimental results.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.322-327
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• 2009

A total of 23 isolates of Botrytis cinerea causing the grey mold were collected from infected ginseng in several fields of Korea. The sensitivity to carbendazim and the mixture of carbendazim plus diethofencarb was determined through a mycelial inhibition test on PDA amended with or without fungicides. B. cinerea isolates were classified as 3 phenotypes, which were the first phenotype resistant to both of carbendazim and the mixture ($Car^RMix^R$), the second one resistant to carbendazim and sensitive to the mixture ($Car^RMix^S$), and the last one sensitive to both of them ($Car^RMix^S$). Carbendazim resistance correlated with a single mutation $\beta$-tubulin gene of B. cinerea amplified with primer pair tubkjhL and tubkjhR causing a change of glutamate to alanine at amino acid position 198. Furthermore, the substitution of valine for glutamate led the resistance to carbendazim and the mixture at the same position of amino acid. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis using the restriction endonuclease, Tsp451 and BstUI allowed differentiation of the PCR fragment of $\beta$-tubulin gene of $Car^SMix^S$ isolates from that of $Car^RMix^R$ and $Car^RMix^S$ isolates. This method will aid in a fast detection of resistance of carbendazim and the mixture of carbendazim plus diethofencarb in B. cinerea in ginseng field.