• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2001.09a
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• pp.34-58
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• 2001

Within the paper, an overview of organic farming in Europe countries is given and the Principle and skills of organic agriculture is shortly reported with special regard to Germany. The overview information on European organic farming is covered such as (1)development of organic farming, (2) organic farming organizations, (3)standards and certification, (4)implementation of EU council regulation, (5)state support, (6)implementation of Agenda 2000, (7)training and education, (8)advisory service and research situation. In the paper the principle and skills for organic farming which are practiced actually in the German organic farms is also reported. How to maintain and increase the fertility and microbiological activity of the soil by (1)cultivation of legumes, green manures or deep-rooting crops in multi-annual rotation system, (2)incorporation in the soil organic material, by-products from livestock farming is one of the major principle to organic crop production. Pest and diseases and weeds are controlled by any one, or a combination of the following measure; (1) choice of appropriate species and varieties, (2)appropriate rotation programs, (3)mechanical cultivation, (4)protection of natural enemies of pests through provision of favourable habitat and ecological buffer zone, (5)diversified ecosystems, (6)flame weeding, (7)natural enemies, (8)bio-dynamic preparations, (9)mulching and mowing, (10)grazing of animals, (11)mechanical controls, (12)steam sterilization.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.71-93
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• 2001

Within the paper, an overview of organic farming in Europe countries is given and the Principle and skills of organic agriculture is shortly reported with special regard to Germany. The overview information on European organic forming is covered such as \circled1 development of organic farming, \circled2organic farming organizations, \circled3standards and certification, \circled4implementation of EU council regulation, \circled5state support, \circled6implementation of Agenda 2000, \circled7training and education, \circled8advisory service and research situation. In the paper the principle and skills for organic farming which are practiced actually in the German organic farms is also reported. How to maintain and increase the fertility and microbiological activity of the soil by \circled1cultivation of legumes, green manures or deep-rooting crops in multi-annual rotation system, \circled2incorporation in the soil organic material, by-products from livestock farming is one of the major principle to organic crop production. Pest and diseases and weeds are controlled by any one, or a combination of the following measure ; \circled1choice of appropriate species and varieties, \circled2appropriate rotation programs, \circled3mechanical cultivation, \circled4protection of natural enemies of pests through provision of favourable habitat and ecological buffer zone, \circled5diversified ecosystems, \circled6flame weeding, \circled7natural enemies, \circled8bio-dynamic preparations, \circled9mulching and mowing, \circled10grazing of animals, ⑪mechanical controls, ⑫steam sterilization.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.29-42
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• 2004

Women are unlikely to receive an equal education, compared to men, in rural Korean society despite the equality in labor sharing. To address this issue this research aims to (a) analyze the educational needs for farming skills and daily life management in rural communities, and (b) develop a model for educational programs reflecting regional characteristics for the female farmers in order to make them experts in agriculture. A structured questionnaire was administered, using a group interview method, to 366 female farmers from the Jeonnam, Chungbuk, and Gyeonggi provinces with help of agricultural agents. The major components of the questionnaire dealt with individual peculiarities, educational environment, and curriculum and training subjects wanted by the female farmers. Educational program content was classified as daily life management, scientific farming and agricultural management skills to create systematic and effective programs. It was found that the critical factors for developing educational programs for the female farmers are as follows: a. It is necessary to develop a program combining daily life management skills and farming skills to make the female farmers experts in agriculture. b. Statistically significant differences were found in the female farmers' educational program participation and needs based educational level, age, educational expenditure, farm type, farming experience, and farm scale. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a program considering the fore-mentioned socioeconomic status and farming characteristics. c. It is important to establish an educational system for the female farmer to improve their quality of life as a minority group in Korean society. In addition, it is also necessary to develop public relations program to ensure that female farmers recognize the importance and necessity of the education.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.147-161
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• 2001

Efficiency and competitive power in agribusiness management has became important issue due to the rapid changes in farming environment under new WTO agreement. To increase competitive power, small-sized petty farm should be restructured to be specialized large-scaled farming system. Trust farming corporation(TFC) has been introduced to increase farm productivity and competitive power through large scale farming system and refined management skills. Eventually, TFCs are expected to revitalize rural economy. TFCs are increasing in numbers, but they are unsatisfactory in quality often with insolvent operations. The typical problems with TFCs are internal conflicts among members, lack of management abilities and incentives, inefficiency in machinery use, and insolvent operations. The self effort by members and legal-institutional assistance can alleviate the negative factors against the rational for cooperative management and sustain TFCs. This study identifies the management problems of TFCs. To provide the methods for increasing management efficiency, improving rational management skills, and hence to help revitalizing the rural economy with competitive power, 20 TFCs in Nonsan County is surveyed. The major findings are as follows; 1) According to the survey result of 20 trust farming corporations, investments on the accumulation of knowledges and information, accounting management, machinery management are required due to the present lack of management/accounting ability. There also exist problems associated with revenue sources, labor uses, and public recognition. To increase management efficiency under current situation, corporations should import active business plans with expanding farming execution and off-farm season business. 2) Based on the result of corporations' business analysis, more than 50% of the corporations were not able to provide profit dividends to the members. It suggests that trust farming corporations need appropriate and stable revenue sources to sustain business. It is also required that corporations should reduce their excessive expenditure on fixed assets. 3) Theoretical amounts of consignment fees for tillage operation, planting, and harvesting were found to be 338,874 won, 216,596 won, and 332,318 won, respectively. Although actual levels of fee are 110%~120% of these theoretical levels of consignment fee, corporations' expected fee levels could not be acheived because of competency of consignment market.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.12 no.1 s.30
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• pp.49-58
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• 2006

Rearing community youth has been main factors of sustainable agriculture and rural community. The purposes of this study were to analyze the leadership skill and organizational commitment of community youth and to investigate the relationship between leadership skill and organizational commitment. The data were collected from 196 rural youth by stratified random sampling. The study was adopted t-test, ANOVA factor analysis and correlation analysis. The major findings of this study were as follows; First, community youth married, wealthier, and expanded farming area were more likely to have leadership life skills than others. Second, community youth wealthier and expanded farming area were more likely to have organizational commitment than others. Third, group activity, being leader, teaming skill, communication self understanding, decision making, language skill among leadership skills have positively correlated with organizational commitment.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.67-83
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• 2002

In the paper, the actual situation of Korean organic agriculture and its development history regards to basic skills of organic farming were reported. And an education for organic farming in the universities with schools of agriculture in European countries was also reported to deliver the information on the course of organic agriculture for Korean Universities facing the problem which have a lower admission competition than previous Year. The examination for organic engineer certificate which was introduced in 2001 and the proposed government research institute, so called "Research Center of Organic Agriculture" were also shortly discussed. In the conclusion, \circled1 the establishment of "research Center of Organic Agriculture" which should by attached RDA for the systematic approach of research for organic agriculture and the test of agricultural materials using for organic farming, \circled2 department of organic agriculture in the Universities with schools of agriculture to offer next generation an opportunity to learn an organic farming parallel to conventional farming, \circled3certification body system by third party, and \circled4 full support by Korean government and scientist society for "Asian Research Network of Organic Agriculture (ARNOA)" headquartered in Korea as international research organization were strongly suggested.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.203-224
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• 2022

This study aims to examine the educational needs of migrant farm workers and farmers in Korea. For developing survey instruments, content analysis of migrant workers & employer training programs, in-depth interviews with farmers and expert reviews had been conducted. Therefore, eight parts and twenty nine educational contents for migrant workers, five parts and twenty educational contents for farmers have been constructed. For data analysis, Borich analysis and The Locus for Focus Model were hired to analyze the educational needs assessment. Results showed that migrant workers' educational priorities were 'basic korean for farming, working attitude in farming, safety guidelines and first aid skills for rural life, safe use of pesticides and protective equipment, driving skills, safe use of agricultural machinery, operation & maintenance of agricultural machinery, pest control by crop', and for the farmers' were 'communication with migrant workers, trouble controls with employment, farming guidance, industrial accident cases and countermeasures, preventing disease and promoting mental health of migrant workers'.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.151-161
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• 2005

The objectives of this study were: a) to classify rural women's roles according to apicultural activity, and b) to find out the needs for education system related to women's roles in agricultural technology and the participation in decision making of farming activities, and c) to put forward the programs in agricultural educational system for supporting rural women according to their role types. This study was based on a literature review, empirical analysis including women in rural Korea. Based on the empirical findings, the following suggestions could be of offered for helping the rural women according to the types of their roles. 1) Family cultural reform, farming helper system, relief of housework allotment, supporting educational expenses, equal opportunity and easier places for participations should be strengthened in education programs of women farmers in Korea. 2) Government should provide diverse incentive programs, appropriate information and educational supports for women farmers' agricultural education including equipment and facilities for easy farm management. 3) Automation and mechanization of farm works, computer education, eco-friendly agricultural production skills, family consciousness and group action, importance and the future prospects of agriculture and farming, leadership role should be strengthened in agricultural education programs for rural women.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.17-34
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• 2000

This paper is aim to report the core aspects of Codex guideline for organically grown food which is finalized by FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission on May 2000 in 28th session of the Codex committee on food labelling. The chapter of animal production had discussed for a long time before it was finalized in Ottawa/canada as well as use of GMO(Genetically modified organism), manure from factory farming, animal welfare, and fodder inputs consisting of at least 85% for ruminants and 80% for non-ruminants. As the guideline for Codex set out the several things which is very difficult for Asian country, Organic farmer in Korea should pay an attention to maintain/increase the fertility and biological activity by cultivation of legumes, green manures or deep-rooting plants in an appropriate multi-annual rotation programme, and incorporation in the soil of organic material from holding producing in accordance with the guidelines. Pest, diseases and weeds should be controlled by choice of appropriate varieties, appropriate rotation, mechanical cultivation, diversified ecosystems, flame weeding, animal weeding and steam sterilization. The use of plant growth hormone, GMO and manure from industrial management system are not allowed, and closed recycling system, rotation, resistant seeds again pest and disease should be practiced in organic farming. But these are not unfortunately practiced in the country. In the conclusion it was strongly suggested to enact the Basic Standard for Korean organic agriculture which contains the core principles of Codex guidelines, and to try the importation of the most advanced theory, skills and technology from leading country in organic farming.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.1162-1172
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• 2000

The research was conducted to quantify farm and household characteristics of sheep farmers, evaluate farmer access to and the effectiveness of livestock services in sheep farming areas, and examine regional constraints to improving sheep productivity and profitability in Nepal. A rapid diagnostic socioeconomic survey of 200 sheep farmers was carried out in 1996 and all four ecological regions (Trans-Himalayan, Mountains, Hills and Terai), each with a distinct local sheep breed, were represented in the survey. Six major constraints were identified: (a) poor performance of local sheep breeds, (b) a serious seasonal deficit of pasture and other feed, (c) the lack of an organized market for wool and meat, (d) poor access to agricultural credit, (e) primitive shearing equipment, and (f) an inadequate supply of drinking water for sheep. Strategies to assist farmers develop their sheep management skills, improve access and quality of support services, improved technology adaptable to local conditions and effective linkages with local carpet and meat industry are likely to overcome the constraints and alleviate persistent poverty faced by sheep farmers in Nepal.