• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.169-177
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• 2013

Recently, the number of people with diabetes is rapidly increasing, coupled with the fact that the insulin market is remarkably increasing. Therefore, molecular farming for plant-derived pharmaceutical protein production is reported as becoming more attractive than ever. In this study, we carried out experiments step by step for development of recombinant insulin constructs, which were transformed into E. coli system, in vitro transcription and translation system, and tobacco cells. At first, recombinant proinsulin protein was successfully produced in in vitro transcription and translation system with wheat germ extract. After which, recombinant construct of prominiinsulin encoded a fusion protein of 7.8 kDa with trypsin cleavage sites at N terminus and C terminus of minimized C-peptide was tried to in vitro expression using E.coli culture. After purification with His-tag column, the resulting recombinant prominiinsulin protein was processed with trypsin, and then checked insulin biosynthesis by SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis with anti-insulin monoclonal antibody. The immunoreactive product of trypsin-treated miniinsulin was identical to the predicted insulin hexamer. The construct of 35S promoter-driven preprominiinsulin recombinant gene with signal peptide region for ER-targeting and red fluorescence protein gene [N terminus ${\rightarrow}$ tobacco E2 signal peptide ${\rightarrow}$ B-peptide (1-29 AA) ${\rightarrow}$ AAK ${\rightarrow}$ A-peptide (1-21 AA) ${\rightarrow}$ RR ${\rightarrow}$ His6 ${\rightarrow}$ KDEL ${\rightarrow}$ C terminus] was transformed into BY-2 tobacco cells. A polypeptide corresponding to the 38-kDa molecular mass predicted for fusion protein was detected in total protein profiles from transgenic BY-2 cells by western analysis. Therefore, this recombinant preprominiinsulin construct can be used for generation of transgenic tobacco plants producing therapeutic recombinant insulin.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.187-198
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• 1975

Although considerable research has been done on the blood chemistry of domestic animals, little work has been made of the changes associated with age. Moreover, the records about physiology of the goat were not much available in Korea, and a comprehensive survey of the blood values of the Korean native goat has not been made. The object of the present investigation was to make good this deficiency and to suggest standards for the blood chemical values of Korean native goats from birth to maturity. The goats were kept under average farming conditions in Korea. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at birth, at one and four days, at one, two, three and four weeks, and at two, three, six, nine and twelve months of age. The results obtained in this work were summarized as follows: 1. The highest concentration of serum glucose was observed at birth and it decreased gradually until three months of age, showing a steady state thereafter. 2. The concentration of total serum protein was a little higher at one day of age than at birth and showed a steady state until seven days of age; then it decreased slightly at two weeks of age and recovered at three weeks of age and showed a steady state until twelve months of age. The concentration of serum albumin was increased a little at one day of age and revealed a steady state thereafter. The concentration of serum globulin showed three phases - a fall during the first two weeks to reach minimum, a rise to the fourth week, and a fall at two months of age, showing a steady state thereafter. The lowest value of albumin fraction was observed at birth, then the value increased gradually until three months of age and revealed a stealer state thereafter. The highest value of globulin fraction was observed at birth, then the gradual decrease of the value was seen until three months of age; thereafter the value showed a steady state. 3. Albumin/globulin ratio was the minimum at birth, then it increased to reach a maximum at two weeks of age and decreased a little thereafter. 4. The concentration of total serum cholesterol showed a gradual increase during the first three months and fell to reach adult revel at six months of age. 5. Urea nitrogen in serum decreased during the first week to reach a minimum, then it increased at three months of age, and showed a fell to mature level at six mouths of age. 6. The concentration of serum creatinine was not affected by age. 7. The concentration of total serum calcium was a little higher during the first two weeks than the other period during the first year of life. 8. The concentration of serum inorganic phosphorus showed a gradual rise to reach a maximum and a gradual fall to reach adult level at nine months of age. 9. No significant sex differences of serum chemical values were recognized.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.243-248
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the ability for weed control of the shoot extract of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and developing a sustainable weed management in organic farming. When the dried shoot powder was mixed with soil and treated with 2 cm above the soil surface, the germination for Echinochloa crus-galli, Digitaria cilialis, Abutilon theophrasti and Amaranthus retroflexus was inhibited maxium 40%. The growth inhibition of germinated seedlings in the A. theophrasti and A. retroflexus was maxium 30% while it was less than 30% in the E. crus-galli and D. cilialis. Shoot extracts at rates above $25mg\;ml^{-1}$ was effective to inhibit germination of D. cilialis, A. theophrasti and A. retroflexus. The shoot extract concentration required for 50% of germination inhibition was $60mg\;ml^{-1}$ in the E. crus-galli, while it was less than $10mg\;ml^{-1}$ in the D. cilialis, A. theophrasti and A. retroflexus. For the foliar application, 11 adjuvants were tested at 0.5% and DOS70, TM15 and TDE7 were most effective adjuvants for the shoot extracts. DOS70 was most effective and provided up to 60% of weed control efficacy for the tested four weed species. Though herbicidal efficacy of sorghum shoot was not enough to give a proper weed control, it can be expected that long term use of sorghum shoots can provide gradual decrease in weed seeds and weed density.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.527-547
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• 2020

Fish pathogens cause not only economic damages to fish farming but also infectious pathogens known as a zoonotic agent. Since the continued use of antibiotics to control fish pathogens entails side effects, materials of natural origin need to be developed. The purpose of this study is to discover coniferous essential oils with excellent antibacterial effects in order to develop antibiotic alternatives. We have extracted essential oils using hydro-distillation from the leaves of Abies holophylla, Pinus thunbergii, Pinus parviflora, Tsuga sieboldii, and Pinus rigitaeda, which are all Pinaceae family. And, we have evaluated antibacterial activity with the extracted essential oils against Edwardsiella tarda, Photobacterium damselae, Streptococcus parauberis, and Lactococcus garvieae, which are fish pathogens. As a result, the essential oils from A. holophylla and P. thunbergii showed the selectively strong antibacterial activity against E. tarda and P. damselae, which are gram-negative bacteria. From GC-MS analysis, it was identified that main component of A. holophylla essential oils are (-)-bornyl acetate (29.45%), D-limonene (20.47%), and camphene (11.73%), and that of P. thunbergii essential oils is α-pinene (59.81%). In addition, we found three compounds: neryl acetate, (-)-borneol, and (-)-carveol, which are oxygenated monoterpenes. These exist in a very small amount but exhibit the same efficacy as essential oil. Therefore, we expect that A. holophylla and P. thunbergii essential oils having excellent growth inhibitory effect against gram-negative fish pathogens can be used as biological products such as feed additives and fishery products.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.499-511
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• 2017

This study was done to examine antioxidant compounds, antioxidative activity and chemical properties in organically cultivated sorghum seed and their sprout, and to examine as a basic data for various application methods as an organic farming product of sorghum. The crude protein and mineral contents in the sprout had 2.5 and 1.6~9.87 folds more than sorghum seed, respectively. Total polyphenol content as antioxidant was more in the sprout showing $4,135mg\;GAE\;g^{-1}$ than the seed, whereas total flavonoid content was relatively higher in the seed showing $3.86mg\;GAE\;g^{-1}$. ABTS radical scavenging activity in the seed was observed by higher level as $15.78mg\;TE\;g^{-1}$. However, The sprouts with and without natural light were no significant difference. DPPH radical scavenging activity in the seed exhibited activity of 11 folds or more compared to that of the sprout. The highest activity was detected from the seeds and the sprouts in Donganmae. Although sorghum was no significant correlations among the varieties, it showed correlation with between the light-treated condition and antioxidation.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.475-487
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to solve the problem of yield loss causing the lag of fertilizer efficiency after tiller stage, being originated by applying mixed expeller cake fertilizer on three day before rice transplanting in organic rice farmers. The mineralization degree of $NH_4-N$ of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer was increased until 7 weeks at flooding condition, and so did $NO_3-N$ until 5 weeks at non-flooding condition. The mineralization rate of nitrogen in paddy soil on 20 days before rice transplanting was the highest by 0.85% on 20 days before the transplanting treatment. The properties of yields during the harvest period have no difference with application time of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer, except soil organic matter. The plan length, culm length and panicle length were the longest on 20 days before rice transplanting. Also, the number of tiller, ripening rat and 1,000 grain weight were the highest on 20 days before rice transplanting, and thereby the yield of white rice were increasing by 9% on 20 days before rice transplanting compared with that of 3 days before rice transplanting. The whiteness values of the rice and amylose content made no difference, but the value of protein and palatability were the same between 20 days and 30 days treatment. In the conclusion, the relationship between rice yield, its quality and application time of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer has showed that the suitable time of applying it reveals 21.3 days before rice transplanting.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.373-386
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• 2017

The study was conducted to investigate seasonal nutrient dynamics in rice-cultivated soils collected from farmhouses of three large-scale environment-friendly agricultural districts (LEAD), Jangheung, Suncheon, and Okcheon in which environmental-friendly agriculture has been exemplarily practiced in Korea. Among three districts, Crop- livestock cycling organic farming system had been introduced only in Jangheung. pH and EC of farmhouse soils of three LEADs were ranged between 5.5 - 6.7 and $0.4-1.0dS\;m^{-1}$ from March to September, respectively. T-N was observed to be high on the farmhouse soil in Suncheon and K was observed to be lowest on farmhouse soil in Okcheon. Concentration of $NH_4-N$ in soil was observed to be highest on June, in particular on the farmhouse in Jangheung, but rapidly decreased due to the loss of fertilizer applied in Spring. Yield and harvest index were the highest on the farmhouse in Okcheon in which total annual gross production $ha^{-1}$ was nearly three time higher than those of other two farmhouses. Farmhouse soil of Okcheon was maintained the highest seasonal nutrient balance due to the high input of fertilizer. It was estimated that K balance in the farmhouse soil in Suncheon dropped to $-60kg\;ha^{-1}$ on September, and it might have some effect on the less rice productivity due to K deficiency. Farmhouse soil in Jangheung was maintained low seasonal balance of T-N and P but showed the highest N use efficiency in the rice grain. Based on above-mentioned results, we think Jangheung farmhouse can be recommended as a model farmhouse of LEADs.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.169-177
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• 2011

The impacts of climate change on paddy irrigation water demands in Korea have been analyzed. High-resolution ($27{\times}27\;km$) climate data for the SRES A2 scenario produced by the Korean Meteorological Research Institute (METRI) and the observed baseline climatology dataset were used. The outputs from the ECHO-G GCM model were dynamically downscaled using the MM5 regional model by the METRI. The Geographic information system (GIS) was used to produce maps showing the spatial changes in irrigation water requirements for rice paddies. The results showed that the growing season mean temperature for future scenarios was projected to increase by $1.5^{\circ}C$ (2020s), $3.3^{\circ}C$ (2050s) and $5.3^{\circ}C$ (2080s) as compared with the baseline value (1971~2000). The growing season rainfall for future scenarios was projected to increase by 0.1% (2020s), 4.9% (2050s) and 19.3% (2080s). Assuming cropping area and farming practices remain unchanged, the total volumetric irrigation demand was projected to increase by 2.8% (2020s), 4.9% (2050s) and 4.5% (2080s). These projections are contrary to the previous study that used HadCM3 outputs and projected decreasing irrigation demand. The main reason for this discrepancy is the difference with the projected climate of the GCMs used. The temporal and spatial variations were large and should be considered in the irrigation water resource planning and management in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.541-549
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• 2019

Objectives: This study aims to examine patients who developed acute pesticide poisoning while spraying or using pesticide and presented to the emergency department in hospitals in Chungcheongnam-do Province. Based on the findings, this study will provide implications for safety and health management pertaining to the use of pesticides. Methods: Pesticide poisoning data collected by the Chungnam Center for Farmers' Safety and Health from 2014 to 2018 was cross-sectionally analyzed. A total of 331 patients with pesticide poisoning presented to one of hospitals and four of medical centers in the region(Dankuk University Hospital, Gongju and Hongsung, Cheongyang, Cheonan Medical Center). Seventeen of these patients (15 men and two women) developed poisoning while spraying pesticide. The patients' charts were reviewed to collect data on pesticide poisoning, namely currently working in farming-related occupation, means of transportation to the hospital, place of poisoning, symptoms of acute pesticide poisoning, treatment, pesticide used when poisoning occurred, and classification by technical ingredients. Results: Fifteen out of 17 patients who developed poisoning while spraying pesticide were men. Insecticide was used in 35.3% of the cases, and herbicide was used in 29.4% of the cases, which was different from cases of poisoning from ingestion poisoning. The major symptoms were vomiting (35.3%), nausea (29.4%), dizziness (29.4%), and headache (23.5%). A total 11 ingredients were identified in 12 patients, and the most common ingredient was glyphosate, which is an herbicide. Most patients showed a state of mild toxicity, but two patients showed a state of severe toxicity. These patients respectively used glyphosate and paraquat. Conclusions: Our findings can be useful for suggesting the need for a national healthcare system to manage occupational pesticide poisoning among farmers. Further, these findings can be used to increase the awareness of the risk of acute poisoning during pesticide spraying and suggest the need for a safety health education to increase farmers' awareness of pesticide poisoning.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 2020

As the demand for fossil fuels continues to increase worldwide, carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration in the air has increased over the centuries. The way to reduce CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere, carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology have been developed that can be applied to power plants and factories, which are primary emission sources. According to the climate change mitigation policy, direct air capture (DAC) in air, referred to as "negative emission" technology, has a low CO₂ concentration of 0.04%, so it is focused on adsorbent research, unlike conventional CCS technology. In the DAC field, chemical adsorbents using CO₂ absorption, solid absorbents, amine-functionalized materials, and ion exchange resins have been studied. Since the absorbent-based technology requires a high-temperature heat treatment process according to the absorbent regeneration, the membrane-based CO₂ capture system has a great potential Membrane-based system is also expected for indoor CO₂ ventilation systems and immediate CO₂ supply to smart farming systems. CO₂ capture efficiency should be improved through efficient process design and material performance improvement.