• BMB Reports
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.308-313
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• 1996

An 1.4 kb of the fad3 cDNA encoding microsomal linoleic acid desaturase catalyzing the conversion of linoleic acid (18:2, ${\omega}-6$) to linolenic acid (18:2, ${\omega}-3$) was introduced into tobacco plants by the Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation, Among the transgenic tobacco plants conferring kanamycin resistance, five transformants showing increment in unsaturated fatty acid contents were selected and further analyzed for the transgenecity, In genomic Southern blot analyses, copy numbers of the integrated fad3 DNA in chromosomal DNA of the five transgenic tobacco plants were varied among the transgenic lines. By Northern blot analyses, the abundancy of the fad3 mRNA transcript directed by Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter was consistent with the relative copy number of the fad3 DNA integrated in the chromosome of transgenic tobacco plants. When compared with the wild type, accumulation of linolenic acid in transgenic tobacco roots was elevated 3.7- to 4.7-fold showing a corresponding decrease in the linoleic acid contents; however, slight increments for linolenic acid were noticed in transgenic leaf tissues. These results indicated that the elevated level of fad3 expression is achieved in transgenic tobacco plants.

• BMB Reports
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.253-260
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• 1996

An enzyme that hydrolyzes flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) was found to be present in rat liver lysosomal membrane prepared from Triton WR-1339 filled lysosomes (tritosomes) purified by flotation on sucrose. This FAD phosphohydrolase (FADase) exhibited optimal activity at pH 8.5 and had an apparent Km of approximately 3.3 mM. The activity was decreased 50~70% by dialysis against EDTA and this was restored by $Zn^{2+}$, $Mg^{+2}$, $Hg^{+2}$, and $Ca^{+2}$ ions inhibited the enzyme, but $F^-$ and molybdate had no effect. The enzyme was also inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB), reduced glutathione and other thiols, cyanide, and ascorbate. The presence of ATP, ADP, AMP. ${\alpha}-{\beta}-methylene$ ATP, AMP-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNP), GMP, and coenzyme A (CoA) decreased the activity on FAD, but pyrimidine nucleotides, adenosine, adenine, or $NAD^+$ were without effect. Phosphate stimulated the activity slightly. FAD phosphohydrolase activity was separated from ATPase and inorganic pyrophosphatase activities by solubilization with detergents and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by linear sucrose density gradient centrifugation suggesting that the enzyme is different from ATPase, inorganic pyrophosphatase, and soluble lysosomal FAD pyrophosphatase. Paper chromatography showed that FAD was hydrolyzed to flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and AMP which were further hydrolyzed to riboflavin and AMP by phosphatases known to be present in lysosomal membranes. Incubation of the intact Iysosomes with pronase showed that the active site of FAD phosphohydrolase must be oriented to the cytosol. The FAD hydrolyzing activity was detected in Golgi, microsome, and plasma membrane, but not in mitochondria or soluble lysosomal preparations.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.258-268
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of fad dieting as a method to lose weight among male and female college students. A total of 710 students participated in this study. Fad dieting was surveyed using a questionnaire about 11 fad diet methods. The mean age of the subjects was 21.4 years for males and 20.4 years for females. The proportion of students who had experience trying to lose weight was 52.8% for males and 78.6% for females (p<0.001). The diet method employed by the highest number of participants was the half meal diet (27.6% for males, 43.9% for females), followed by the cereal diet (8.8% for males, 43.9% for females), fasting (9.9% for males, 21.4% for females), and the chicken breast diet (13.1% for males, 9.2% for females). The female students were more likely than the males to try fad diets other than the chicken breast diet and the Atkins diet. The most frequent side effect of fad dieting was the yo-yo effect, followed by binge eating, weakness, anemia, and so on. The proportion of students who indicated that nutrition education is needed for healthy dieting was 39.1% for males and 45.4% for females. From these results, we concluded that a high percentage of college students attempt to lose weight through fad diets, with some gender differences. Therefore, in the future, nutrition education programs should focus more attention on providing healthy dieting methods to young college students to help them lose weight.

• 한국심리학회지:법
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.191-210
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• 2020

자유의지와 결정론 척도(FAD-Plus; Paulhus & Carey, 2011)는 개인의 자유의지에 대한 믿음과 관련된 구성요소를 측정하는 검사도구이다. 폴란드, 프랑스, 중국 등에서 척도의 타당화가 이루어졌으나 아직까지 국내에서는 FAD-Plus 척도를 타당화 하려는 시도가 이루어지지 않았다. 따라서 이 척도가 국내에서도 신뢰할 수 있고 활용 가능한지 확인하는 연구가 필요하다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 총 202명의 대학생을 대상으로 탐색적 요인분석의 방법을 활용하여 FAD-Plus 척도의 타당화를 실시하였다. 자유의지에 대한 믿음이 다른 심리학적 기제들과 어떠한 관계를 보이는지 살펴보기 위해 성격 5요인 및 주관적 안녕감을 추가적으로 측정하였다. 연구결과 총 27개의 문항 중 6개의 문항이 제거되었을 때 측정검사도구로서 가장 적합한 수준의 신뢰성과 타당도를 보임을 검증하였다. 본 연구의 한계, 정책적 함의, 그리고 향후 연구 방향에 대해 논의하였다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2007

In order to evaluate the integrity of Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes, probabilistic fracture mechanics(PFM) approach was employed. Failure assessment diagram(FAD), plastic collapses, and critical crack lengths(CCL) were used for evaluating the failure probability as failure criteria. The Kr-FAD as failure assessment diagram was used because fracture of pressure tubes occurred in brittle manner due to hydrogen embrittlement of material by deuterium fluence. The probabilistic integrity evaluation observed AECL procedures and used fracture toughness parameters of EPRI and recently announced theory. In conclusion, the probabilistic approach using the Kr-FAD made it possible to determine major failure criterion in the pressure tube integrity evaluation.

• Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
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• 제35권11호
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• pp.2164-2171
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• 2018

Heavy duty diesel vehicles deteriorate urban air quality by discharging a large volume of air pollutants such as soot and nitrogen oxides. In this study, a newly introduced auxiliary device a fuel activation device (FAD) to improve the combustion efficiency of internal engines by utilizing the cavitation effect was closely investigated by the fluid flow mechanism via a numerical analysis method. As a result, the FAD contributed to fuel atomization from the injection nozzle at lower inlet pressure by reducing the pressure energy. The improved cavitation effect facilitated fuel atomization, and ultimately reduced pollutant emission due to the decrease in fuel consumption. The axial velocity along the flow channel was increased 8.7 times with the aid of FAD, which improved the primary break-up of bubbles. The FAD cavitation effect produced 1.09-times larger turbulent bubbles under the same pressure and fuel injection amount than without FAD.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.562-570
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• 1996

A weight control program has been prescribed to investigate its effects on weight reduction of obese adults. The prescribed weight control program has been followed by 4 overweight adults and fad diets has been followed by 6 ovenveight adults for 3 to 7 months. The prescribed weight control program was basically the low calorie diet (1,500-1,800 kcal per day) and nutrition education was applied to enhance its effects. Fad diets were chosen among the fashionable diets and they were "apple diet" , "yogurt diet" and "Lee Hijae diet" Anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters, and percent of body fat were measured after the respective period of weight control program. Body weight was significantly (p<0.01) reduced and the rate of obesity was also significantly lowered with the prescribed weight control program while the body weight and rate of obesity were not changed with the fad diets. Weight loss from the prescribed weight control program also led to the change of total cholesterol levels while LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride were not significantly changed. Nutrition education and counseling of the weight control subjects induced more weight loss and better food behavior. It is suggested that a weight loss program should be based on the low calorie diet with the well-planned nutrition education The fashionable diets were attractive for a short time period in weight reduction but the rapid weight gain was noticed right after the diets ceased.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.2124-2135
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• 2006

In this paper, the reliability estimation of pipelines is performed by employing the probabilistic method, which accounts for the uncertainties in the load and resistance parameters of the limit state function. The FORM (first order reliability method) and the SORM (second order reliability method) are carried out to estimate the failure probability of pipeline utilizing the FAD (failure assessment diagram). And the reliability of pipeline is assessed by using this failure probability and analyzed in accordance with a target safety level. Furthermore, the MCS (Monte Carlo Simulation) is used to verify the results of the FORM and the SORM. It is noted that the failure probability increases with the increase of dent depth, gouge depth, operating pressure, outside radius, and the decrease of wall thickness. It is found that the FORM utilizing the FAD is a useful and is an efficient method to estimate the failure probability in the reliability assessment of a pipeline. Furthermore, the pipeline safety assessment technique with the deterministic procedure utilizing the FAD only is turned out more conservative than those obtained by using the probability theory together with the FAD. The probabilistic method such as the FORM, the SORM and the MCS can be used by most plant designers regarding the operating condition and design parameters.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.1530-1540
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• 2009

Life expectancy has increased and people are more concerned with keeping their 'youth'. Appearance is a competitive edge and people are caught up in a baby face fad that has expanded into a culture and beauty trend. This study examined the definitions and phrenological characteristics of a baby face and the causes of the baby face fad in a review of the baby face as a "sociocultural and beauty cultural code" based on literature, journals, previous papers, and Internet materials. Anatomically speaking, a "baby face" refers to a face that keeps the features of a child's face without aging signs. The baby face fad gained momentum due to the influences of the digital culture, the encouragement of the mass media, changes to the social structure, dietary improvements, new living styles, and an evolving aesthetic sense. The results reveal the sociocultural backgrounds behind the "baby face fad" settling down as a part of culture in addition to the phrenological characteristics of a baby face. It is also estimated that the baby face fad could affect the beauty culture and trends as a social phenomena.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.1413-1421
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• 2013

The marine microalga Isochrysis sphaerica is rich in the very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, $C20:5{\omega}-3$) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, $C22:6{\omega}-3$) that are important to human health. Here, we report a functional characterization of a ${\Delta}4$-fatty acid desaturase gene (FAD4) from I. sphaerica. IsFAD4 contains a 1,284 bp open reading frame encoding a 427 amino acid polypeptide. The deduced amino sequence comprises three conserved histidine motifs and a cytochrome b5 domain at its N-terminus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that IsFad4 formed a unique Isochrysis clade distinct from the counterparts of other eukaryotes. Heterologous expression of IsFAD4 in Pichia pastoris showed that IsFad4 was able to desaturate docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) to form DHA, and the rate of converting DPA to DHA was 79.8%. These results throw light on the potential industrial production of specific polyunsaturated fatty acids through IsFAD4 transgenic yeast or oil crops.