• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.132-138
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• 2005

Objective of this research was to evaluate the fate of nitrogen and phosphorous in hydroponic waste solution from the plastic film house cultivation applied to the upland soil by column leaching and field experiment. The pH and EC of leachate were decreased by the reaction with the upland soil in the column leaching experiment. The EC and concentrations of $H^+,\;K^+,\;and\;{NH_4}^+$ of leachate were decreased as the column length (soil depth) was increased. But these were increased as the amounts of the hydroponic waste solution were increased field experiment growing red pepper (Capsicum annum L.) to monitor the nutrients movement using ion exchange resin capsule demonstrated that the nutrient concentration of soil solution was increased in the orders of $PO_4-P. Nitrate concentration of resin capsule inserted into the soil was relatively higher than other nutrients $(NH_4-N\;and\;PO_4-P)$ at the 45 cm of soil depth. The overall results demonstrated that the hydroponic waste solution could be recycled as plant nutrients to enhance fertility of soils. But nitrate leaching was a major factor for safe use of the hydroponic waste solution in soil.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1585-1593
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• 2012

Year 2010 was the first year in which the baby boomer generation began to regularly retire by the corporate retirement system. For the following 10 years from then, large scale retirement of the baby boomer generation that used to be the driving force of economic growth in Korean society is expected to cause various social problems such as reduction in labor force and economic loss from transfer to welfare subjects. In relation to reemployment of the baby boomer generation after retirement, this study was attempted first, for analysis on the difference in the course of retirement according to average monthly income and current occupation and second, with an assumption that career self efficacy will influence the course of retirement. Total of 500 surveys for this study were distributed to baby boomer generations through direct visit or mail post in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Chungnam, Gyeongnam, Jeonnam and Jeju for one month during January 17 and February 16, 2012. 443 surveys were returned, among which 400 effective responses were selected as study subjects. As a result, the course of retirement according to average monthly income was verified to be significant for all factors. Significant results were found for the course of retirement according to current occupation in job transfer, complete non-employment and repetitive non-employment. In relation to the effect of career self efficacy on the course of retirement, job movement factor was affected by 21%. This study will be a good guide for the establishment of a social policy and retirement life preparation of the baby boomer generation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.204-210
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• 2006

Mobile phone has become one of the most essential thing in modern life. In the past, it was only means of cummunication among people. But now, the function of mobile phone is getting diversified. People listen to music, take pictures and play games with their mobile phone. According to the Research in Jan. 2005, members of Korean 3 mobile cummunication companies were 36 million. And the Research in Jan. 2006 shows that number of 2 million and 16 thousand of members are incresed in a year. (36million to 38million 16 thousands) Mobile game is the most popular fuction among teenagers. People like mobile game becase they can enjoy the mobile game anywhere with easy and simple way. So some companies are even launching dedicated phone for mobile game. And with the unification of platform, people can enjoy various kinds of mobile game now. Most of the mobile character bobies are divided into 2 parts such as 'Head parts' and 'Body parts'. If the body is divided into more than 4 parts, it is difficult to express emotions and actions of the character becase of the small screen of mobile phone. That is why most of the characters have 2 parts - divided body. I stadied how the Design Factor of Mobile Characters such as materials of characters, shape of characters and Frame of accessory's movement are used in the mobile game.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.37B no.9
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• pp.806-813
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• 2012

In a cloud computing environment, various solutions were introduced to provide the service to users such as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), Software as a Service (SaaS) and Desktop as a Service (DaaS). Nowadays, Mobile as a Service (MaaS) to provide the mobility in a cloud environment. In other words, users must have access to data and applications even when they are moving. Thus, to support the mobility to a mobile Thin-Client is the key factor. Related works to support the mobility for mobile devices were Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6 which showed performance drawbacks such as packet loss during hand-over which could be very critical when collaborating with cloud computing environment. The proposed model in this paper deploys middleware and replica servers to support the data transmission among cloud and PMIPv6 domain. It supports efficient mobility during high-speed movement as well as high-density of mobile nodes in local mobility anchor. In this paper, through performance evaluation, the proposed scheme shows the cost comparison between previous PMIPv6 and verifies its significant efficiency.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.43 no.10
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• pp.911-920
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• 2010

The closed water bodies, such as reservoirs and lakes, could be contaminated by an inflow of pollutants in the upstream as well as a stratification caused by seasonal natural phenomena. The vertical circulation particularly plays an important role in reduction of environmental pollutants. The factors of the vertical circulation are the temperature, wind, thermal diffusivity and sunlight. The wind is probably the most significant factor among them. Thus, it is necessary to describe the validation and application of a three-dimensional numerical model of wind-induced circulation in a thermally stratified flow. In this paper, a three-dimensional numerical model for the thermally stratified flows is presented. The model is conducted in three steps to calculate the velocity components from the momentum equations in x- and y- axis directions, the elevations from the free surface equation and the temperature from the scalar transport equation. Numerical predictions are compared with available analytical solutions for the sloshing free surface movement in a rectangular basin. The numerical results generally show a reasonable agreement with analytical solutions. And the model is applied to the circulation for the wind induced flow in a thermally stratification. Consequently, the developed model is validated by two verifications and phenomena of the internal flow.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.29-40
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• 2008

Police agency is indicated that the number of children's traffic accident is tending downwards, however about one child is dead every day due to traffic accident. Major parts of the accidents happen during walking; among the rest, jaywalking is the biggest reason. Many accidents take plate on the road to school or near the home so government legislate children safeguard zone at 1995. According to the legislation, drivers have to reduce speed and there are safety facilities for children at children safeguard zone. This study finds the problems of children safeguard zone and suggest more effective and quantitative method for children safeguard zone. Firstly this study grasps the characters of children's pattern movement and children's traffic accident at children safeguard zone and then divides specific danger factors of children's traffic accident at children safeguard zone. Secondly, each factor is given danger level depending on danger degree and suggests effective method for assignment standard of children safeguard zone using all of these things.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.358-366
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• 2017

The most important factor in the performances of polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cells is how fast hydrogen ions can be transported along the water channel formed inside the electrolyte membrane. Since the morphology of the water channel and the diffusivity of the protons are very important factors for the proton transport behavior, various molecular dynamics simulation studies are being carried out to clarify this. The force-field is an important variable parameterizing the movement and interaction of each atom in molecular dynamics simulation. In this study, proton diffusivities of the 3D models of polymer electrolyte membranes were calculated in order to analyze the effects of various types of force-fields on the molecular simulation. It has been found that the charge value determining the non-bonding interaction plays a very important role in the formation of the water channel morphology, and the COMPASS force-field can calculate the accurate proton diffusion behavior. Accordingly, for molecular dynamics simulation of polymer electrolyte membranes, the proper selection of the force-field is very important due to its great effect on the proton diffusion as well as the final molecular structure.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.89-116
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to describe mother -infant interacting behavior patterns related to newborn infant feeding and to explore the mother's cultural belief about their infant. The data collection was conducted by observation and interview. Twenty-five mothers and their newborn infants who were normally delivered and were also planned to breast feed were comprised as the subjects of this study. All subjects were interviewed and observed individuaily at 1 to 5 days after the delivery at the hospital, mid -wife's clinic, Maternal Child Health Center and their home throughout the country from remote area to big city, The observation data were recorded with symbolic letter on a recording sheet newly developed as a result of preliminary study. The interview data were taperecorded and then recorded in narrative form. Mother - infant interaction behaviors in early feeding period were analyzed based on 19 analytic sub-categories and their composing elements. Unit of analysis were mother, infant and mother -infant dyad. 8 analytic categories draw from the data. Each were preparation, instrument, interaction inducing, evaluation referred to mother's behavior, preparation, instrument, interaction inducing referred to infant's behavior and synchronic behaviors referred to mother - infant dyad. Frequencies of behavior items based on the categories were converted to percent. The result showed that in mother's preparation behavior, the breast condition of Korean mother can be an affecting factor for mother - infant interaction during feeding, and vocalization behavior was observed most frequently in interaction inducing behavior while the least frequent behavior observed was contacting. Subcultural characteristics of mother - infant interaction behaviors were analyzed for their relationships between groups of mothers who have lived in remote area vs urban area, and who were multipara vs primipara. Using a chi -square test, there were statistically significant relationships in the activity of psychological readiness in preparation behavior and the movement of extremities for the position of instrumental behavior in both groups. However, interaction inducing behaviors were not related with statistical significance in any set of groups. Accomplishment of marriage, bonding and emotional mediation of family members were the categories related to mother's cultural belief about the infant in aspect of functional values. Infant at birth is considered little more than a biological organism without social capabilities. Although the newborn infant is still be attached to his mother, he makes his mother extend her territoriality. The mother's interacting behavior toward her infant based on those beliefs appeared task oriented, separative behavioral series. On the other hand, it was seen that infant reacted independently to his mother's behavior by the in-nate perceptual abilities. Those independent behavioral series of mother and infant on the feeding situation were synchronized at any moment. Nurses are In a unique position to teach mothers about their infant's capabilities and help reducing some of uncertainty about infant's behaviors. Study results indicated that the informations infant's social capabilities and breast feeding should be given to the mothers. The results of this study have several implications for nursing. First, the study results will be used as fundamental resources for the development of the assessment tool about the early mother - infant interaction. Second, the results could be a relevant information in the fied. I of maternal child nursing education as real and useful data. Third, the behavioral patterns of early mother - infant interaction which were classified based on the qualitative analysis could be used for nursing theory development as very fundamental data.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.85-99
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the EMT student's attitude to the disabled and provide the basic materials of educational program to make them have right awareness and attitude of the disabled. Methods: The subjects of this study were 348 of 339 emergency medical students at three departments of emergency medical in G metropolitan city who gave consent to take part in the research and the data were collected for 10 days from Mar. 2 to 11, 2011. It used DFS (Disability Factor Scale) developed by Siller (1967) and revised and complemented by Lee Jong Nam (1997) after validity and reliability test. Data collected were analyzed with technical statistics, t-test and ANOVA using SPSS/ PC 12.0 Results: The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. On the question that there are the disabled around the subjects, 74.7% of the respondents answered 'none', and on the question of having concerns on the disabled problems, 61.5% of the respondents answered 'they have no concerns on them'. In addition, on the question of effective methods for improving a negative awareness of the disabled, many of subjects responded the governmental support must be a priority. 2. The subjects' attitude to the disabled scored average 3.13 and they have positive attitude to the disabled. In six sub-areas of attitude to the disabled, tension in contact with the disabled scored 2.90, inferred emotional disorder 2.79, unconditional repulsion 2.78, refusal to friendly relation 2.74, limitation of other functions undamaged 2.66 and distorted identification 2.65. 3. Variable showing a significant difference in the results of analysis according to general characteristics of subjects was age and those who are over '21' showed more positive attitude to the disabled than those who are below '20'. 4. In the results of analysis according to the subjects' disability related characteristics, those who have the disabled in their friends or family and have concerns on the disabled problems have a positive attitude to the disabled. Promotion and education through mass communication for changing the awareness of the disabled into a positive attitude will be most effective. Conclusion: Consequently, positive attitude of EMT student's to the disabled can be fostered by continuous contact with the disabled and their participation in voluntary services in the dimension of individual or school will be important and also the various practical methods such as enlightenment movement and supply of right information through mass communication should be sought.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.128-148
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• 2019

Massive environmental monitoring has been conducted continuously since the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power accident in March of 2011 by different monitoring methods that have different features together with migration studies of radiocesium in diverse environments. These results have clarified the characteristics of radiological environments and their temporal change around the Fukushima site. At three months after the accident, multiple radionuclides including radiostrontium and plutonium were detected in many locations; and it was confirmed that radiocesium was most important from the viewpoint of long-term exposure. Radiation levels around the Fukushima site have decreased greatly over time. The decreasing trend was found to change variously according to local conditions. The air dose rates in environments related to human living have decreased faster than expected from radioactive decay by a factor of 2-3 on average; those in pure forest have decreased more closely to physical decay. The main causes of air dose rate reduction were judged to be radioactive decay, movement of radiocesium in vertical and horizontal directions, and decontamination. Land-use categories and human activities have significantly affected the reduction tendency. Difference in the air dose rate reduction trends can be explained qualitatively according to the knowledge obtained in radiocesium migration studies; whereas, the quantitative explanation for individual sites is an important future challenge. The ecological half-lives of air dose rates have been evaluated by several researchers, and a short-term half-life within 1 year was commonly observed in the studies. An empirical model for predicting air dose rate distribution was developed based on statistical analysis of an extensive car-borne survey dataset, which enabled the prediction with confidence intervals. Different types of contamination maps were integrated to better quantify the spatial data. The obtained data were used for extended studies such as for identifying the main reactor that caused the contamination of arbitrary regions and developing standard procedures for environmental measurement and sampling. Annual external exposure doses for residents who intended to return to their homes were estimated as within a few millisieverts. Different forms of environmental data and knowledge have been provided for wide spectrum of people. Diverse aspects of lessons learned from the Fukushima accident, including practical ones, must be passed on to future generations.