• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.339-347
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• 2012

There still remains a controversial debate whether facial skeletal morphological differences exist between patients with nasal and mouth breathing habits. The aim of this study is to assess a relationship between over a period of time mouth breathing and facial skeletal morphology by analyzing lateral cephalometric radiographs of patients with nasal or mouth breathing habits. A total of 120 patients with skeletal class I, II, and III, who had undergone orthodontic diagnosis in department of pediatric dentistry - chonbuk national university, were chosen and their lateral cephalometric radiographs were analyzed. These patients were divided into six groups of 20, each with or without mouth breathing habits. The result of this study has not showed noticeable differences in cephalometric measurements between nasal and mouth breathing children of skeletal class I, II, and III (p > 0.05). However, when the groups were divided by age factor, mouth breathers of age 12 and older showed significant differences in cephalometrics such as decreased ramus height, maxillary retrusion, and clockwise pattern of mandible than children under age 12 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a longer period of mouth-breathing habits in children displayed a greater chance of impaired facial growth.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.1 s.72
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• pp.23-35
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• 1999

Lateral cephalograms or 251 males md 286 females were taken and pubertal growth pattern or cranial base, maxillary and mandible of 7 to 17 years old Korean children was evaluated. 10 landmarks and 16 analytical measurements were evaluated. Analytical measurement and annual difference for each age group was calculated and tested for statistical significance. Analytical measurements were classified into three groups which were cranial base, maxillary and mandibular measurements and also classified into make and female measurements. Following results were achieved. 1. The circumpuberal growth spurt was earlier in Korean females than in males. 2. Cranial base, maxilla and mandible showed circumpuberal growth. The cranial base showed a relatively smaller amount of growth than the facial complex. 3. Middle and posterior cranial base length showed a floater increase than anterior cranial base length and circumpuberal growth spurt was also more definite. 4. the forward and downward growth or maxilla results from maxillary growht itself and transposition or the maxilla due to circumsutural growth aroud the maxilla. Ar-ANS and Ar-Pr which represent maxillary position relative to the cranial base showed more growth than ANS-PNS which represents maxillary bone growth. 5. mandible showed more vertical growth than horizontal growth but without significance. 6. Alveolar gwoth of maxilla and mandible show maximum growth rate of the time of permanent teeth eruption following loss of deciduous teeth . After this period alveolar growth shows a decreasing tendency.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.208-214
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• 2001

Background: When we make treatment plan of class III malocclusion children, it is difficult to determine whether we treat it with orthognathic surgery or without orthognathic surgery. To determine that, we must consider many factors, such as cephalometric analysis, growth pattern, family history, and skeletal age. A Harvold cephalometric analysis is useful in determining the amount of discrepancy by comparing the maxillary unit length with mandibular, unit length. We tried this study to help the decision of treatment planning in class ill malocclusion children by comparison in class III malocclusion and normal occlusion children using a Harvold analysis. Materials and Methods: The materials for this study consisted of 20 class III malocclusion children. Cephalometric tracing and measurements were performed by one investigator. The control group consisted of 18 normal occlusion children and lateral cephalograms were obtained from 8.5 to 14.5 years old children biannually. The relationships between class III malocclusion group and normal occlusion group were evaluated statistically. Results: The lower anterior facial heights between two groups were not significantly different, although the lower anterior facial heights of class III malocclusion group was higher than those of normal occlusion group in all age groups. The Maxillary-mandibular unit length differences of class III malocclusion group were significantly higher than those of normal occlusion group(p<0.05). Conclusion: A Harvold analysis was useful to make treatment planning for class III malocclusion children.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.185-193
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• 2023

Objective: The growth and development of the mandible strongly depend on modeling changes occurring at its ramus. Here, we investigated covariance patterns between the morphology of the ramus and the rest of the face. Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 159 adults (55 males and 104 females) with no history of orthodontic treatment were collected. Geometric morphometrics with sliding semi-landmarks was used. The covariance between the ramus and face was investigated using a two-block partial least squares analysis (PLS). Sexual dimorphism and allometry were also assessed. Results: Differences in the divergence of the face and anteroposterior relationship of the jaws accounted for 24.1% and 21.6% of shape variation in the sample, respectively. Shape variation was greater in the sagittal plane for males than for females (30.7% vs. 17.4%), whereas variation in the vertical plane was similar for both sexes (23.7% for males and 25.4% for females). Size-related allometric differences between the sexes accounted for the shape variation to a maximum of 6% regarding the face. Regarding the covariation between the shapes of the ramus and the rest of the face, wider and shorter rami were associated with a decreased lower anterior facial height as well as a prognathic mandible and maxilla (PLS 1, 45.5% of the covariance). Additionally, a more posteriorly inclined ramus in the lower region was correlated with a Class II pattern and flat mandibular plane. Conclusions: The width, height, and inclination of the ramus were correlated with facial shape changes in the vertical and sagittal planes.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.33 no.6 s.101
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• pp.419-435
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate growth changes and skeletal characteristics of Korean children with Class III malocclusions from 10 to 14 years of skeletal age. Radiographs of 60 children with Class III malocclusion and 60 normal controls were assessed. Both groups were subdivided into 6 samples according to sex and skeletal age. Skeletal age was assessed using handwrist X-rays using the Greulich and Pyle norms. The Krogman-Walker plane (occipitale-maxillon) through Sella was used as a reference plane in this study with x-axis perpendicular to the x-axis. Sir Student t-tests were conducted to compare the control group with the Class III group according to each gender a:nd age. The characteristics of Class III malocclusion group compared to the control group included shorter anterior and posterior cranial base, shorter and retrusive maxilla, forger mandible, increased molar-incisor distance, retroclined lower incisors, labially proclined upper incisors, and anteriorly located mandibular molar, smaller upper and middle facial depth, and larger lower facial depth. Landmarks representing facial depth, size of maxilla and mandible, and their AP relationship including anterior facial height indicate that growth characteristic was determined early in life. But growth Pattern of cranial base and some of the dental landmarks showed progressive divergence between Control and Class III groups with age. The position of the posterior border of the mandible was found to be significantly forward in both females and males by the age of 14 and at the anterior border in males and females at all ages. Hyperdivergent mandibular plane, changes in anterior segment of mandible, small anterior cranial base, and decrease in cranial base flexure was also noted.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.367-385
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• 1988

In case of skeletal Class III malocclusion with underdeveloped maxilla, the extraoral orthopedic force for the stimulation of maxillary growth or anterior reposition of the maxilla has been used clinically for the improvement of facial skeletal relationship. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the initial reaction of maxillofacial complex to the maxillary protraction by using extraoral orthopedic force. The dried human skull was used and this investigation was done by means of double exposure holographic interferometry. The protraction forces placed on the canine or the first molar were parallel, $10^{\circ}$ downward, $20^{\circ}$ downward to the occlusal plane. Fringe pattern of each protraction condition was compared and analized. The results were as follows: 1. Each maxillofacial bone displaced saparately. 2. More displacement was shown at the area of the teeth and the alveolar bone. 3. A counterclockwise rotation of the maxilla wa decreased by downward protraction and especially 20 degree downward protraction from the canine showed least rotation. 4. On the zygomatic arch, outward bend was observed and this effect was decreased by downward protraction. 5. On the zygomatic bone, the counter clockwise rotation was increased by the downward protraction. 6. When maxillary expansion was applied at the same time, outward and upward displacement with counterclockwise rotation was observed on the maxilla. 7. The lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone was affected by maxillary protraction.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.36-39
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• 2014

Chromosome 3 (3p) deletion syndrome is a rare genomic disorder caused by a deletion at the terminal end of the short arm of chromosome 3. The primary characteristics of the syndrome are delayed development, dysmorphic features, and several other congenital anomalies. Here, we describe the case of a 2-year-old Korean girl with typical features of 3p deletion syndrome, including dysmorphic facial features, low birth weight, developmental delay, growth and cognitive retardation, and congenital heart disease. This case represents the first report of 3p deletion syndrome in Korea. Although phenotypes can be variable among patients, a clinically recognizable pattern has been described for this genetic defect, and our report helps to identify other cases with 3p deletion syndrome from a clinical and genetic perspective.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.1 s.72
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• pp.51-72
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• 1999

In orthodontic field, it is very important to understand the normal growth. Such an understanding can be derived from observation of normal growth in various samples from childhood to adulthood, and this builds a foundation from which growth abnormality or variation can be defined. Thus, a broad data collection of normal children, as well as basic study reviewing such data become necessary. The relationship between the mean values of cephalometric measurements in Growth and Development was studied among the groups(boys and girls) of Korean chidren from the ages 6-years to 16-years. 220 boys 170 girls were chosen as subjects : Cephalometric X-ray were taken for 3 years and hard tissue analysis on McNamara and Ricketts Analysis which was divided into measurements of 5 parts(Cranial base, Cranial base and Maxilla & Mandible, Maxilla and Mandible, Mandible, Dental measurements). The relationship of craniofacial growth was studied. The following conclusions were obtained: 1. There were statistically significant differences in anterior cranial base between the two sexes of 14 and 15-year grouips. 2. In comparison of growth amounts among different age groups, statistically singnificant difference in Posterior facial height exhisted among $10\~11,\;12\~13\;and\;14\~15$ year-old interval groups. This pattern increased with aging. 3. Na perpendicular to A showed earlier growth peak in females(11-12years) than males(12-13years). When horizontal measurements of point A and Pogonion are compared, mandibular growth appeared to be greater. 4. Maximum growth peak of cranial base and mandible was earlier in females (11-12years) than males(13-14 years). 5. Upper central incisor flared out with aging, and there were increases in lower incisor to A-Pg, and lower incisor inclination There was significant difference between the two sexes in 10-year-old group.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.37 no.1 s.120
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• pp.29-43
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• 2007

Objective: To establish proper diagnosis and treatment plan for skeletal Class II malocclusions, some important factors to consider are the patient's skeletal morphology, prognosis as well as the treatment effects. Therefore, the present study analyzed the effects of activator treatment on different skeletal patterns in growing Class II malocclusion patients. Methods: A total of 116 patients (53 boys & 63 girls) in the experimental group were treated with the activator appliance. The experimental group was classified into either hyperdivergent or hypodivergent groups according to articular and genial angles. Results: Patients with hypodivergent growth patterns showed good effects of activator treatment. Conclusion: It seems conceivable that through classifying adolescent Class II malocclusion patients into different skeletal patterns, activator treatment effects may be predicted during the diagnosis and treatment planning stage.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.5 s.64
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• pp.669-682
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• 1997

[$Bj\ddot{o}rk$] and Skieller concluded after following facial growth patterns using implants in upper and lower jaw bones that stable structures, which are not influenced by the growth do exist and so these must be the reference landmarks in the process of superimposition. In spite of such facts, for the last 40 years since the discovery of stable structures, most orthodontists have preferred best fit superimposition method to structural method. Cases such as Angle's Class II division 2 malocclusion that show characteristic forward and upward growth or one under long period of post-treatment observation demonstrate that distinct differences exist between the two methods of superimposition. Today, ethical concerns prohibit further growth studies that use implants, md so there is no choice but to use stable structural superimposition method based on $Bj\ddot{o}rk's$ data. Thus, to encourage clinical use of stable structural superimposition method, logic for the use of stable structural superimposition method will be demonstrated, and its technical methods of application will be introduced step by step.