• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.199-204
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• 2005

The nose is the most prominent area of the face, therefore susceptible to trauma and skin cancer. When small sized defect is in nasal tip, it results in disturbance of the facial harmony even if replantation, composite graft, skin graft or median forehead flap has been used for the reconstruction. So it is needed that the best method reconstruction is performed according to the degree of defect or deformity. And at the same time the physiology and anatomy of nose were clarified and its aesthetic subunits were employed. How can we cover the about 3 cm sized nasal defect in nasal tip with cartilage exposure? At first, we can think forehead island flap is most appropriate. We performed 7 cases of the forehead island flap for reconstruction of the defect in nasal tip(4 cases: cancer, 3 cases: trauma) from March, 2001 to August, 2004. This result was satisfactory in the point of texture, color, donor scar, and there were no complication such as wound disruption, infection, flap atrophy, and hematoma. The advantages of forehead island flap are: 1) No injury of deep vessel and nerve, 2) control of shape and volume, 3) Short operation time, 4) primary closure of donor site, 5) one stage operation. Also, forehead island flap can cover the defect in nose where skin graft and local flap can not cover. But, operator always must take care for flap congestion and donor site scar. We thought forehead island flap is one of the best option of reconstruction of nasal tip defect.

• 한국경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한산업공학회/한국경영과학회 1995년도 춘계공동학술대회논문집; 전남대학교; 28-29 Apr. 1995
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• pp.515-528
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• 1995

Slips and falls are the major causes of the pedestrian injuries in the industry and the general community throughout the world. With the awareness of these problems, the friction coefficients of the interface between floorings and footwear have been measured for the evaluation of slip resistant properties. During this measurement process, the surface texture has been shown to be substantially effective to the friction mechanism between shoe heels and floor surfaces under various types of walking environment. Roughness, either of the floor surface or shoe heels, provides the necessary drainage spaces. This roughness can be designed into the shoe heel but this is inadequate in some cases, especially a wear. Therefore, it is essential that the proper roughness for the floor surface coverings should be provided. The phenomena that observed at the interface between a sliding elastomer and a rigid contaminated floor surface are very diverse and combined mechanisms. Besides, the real surface geometry is quite complicate and the characteristics of both mating surfaces are continuously changing in the process of running-in so that a finite number of surface parameters can not provide a proper description of the complex and peculiar shoe - floor contact sliding mechanism. It is hypothesised that the interface topography changes are mainly occurred in the shoe heel surfaces, because the general property of the shoe is soft in the face of hardness compared with the floor materials This point can be idealized as sliding of a soft shoe heel over an array of wedge-shaped hard asperities of floor surface. Therefore, it is considered that a modelling for shoe - floor contact sliding mechanism is mainly depended upon the surface topography of the floor counterforce. With the model development, several surface parameters were measured and tested to choose the best describing surface parameters. As the result, the asperity peak density (APD) of the floor surface was developed as one of the best describing parameters to explain the ambiguous shoe - floor interface friction mechanism. It is concluded that the floor surface should be continuously monitored with the suitable surface parameters and kept the proper level of roughness to maintain the footwear slip resistance. This result can be applied to the initial stage of design for the floor coverings.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.2124-2148
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• 2017

Accurate facial expression recognition (FER) requires reliable signal filtering and the effective feature extraction. Considering these requirements, this paper presents a novel approach for FER which is robust to noise. The main contributions of this work are: First, to preserve texture details in facial expression images and remove image noise, we improved the anisotropic diffusion filter by adjusting the diffusion coefficient according to two factors, namely, the gray value difference between the object and the background and the gradient magnitude of object. The improved filter can effectively distinguish facial muscle deformation and facial noise in face images. Second, to further improve robustness, we propose a new feature descriptor based on a combination of the Histogram of Oriented Gradients with the Canny operator (Canny-HOG) which can represent the precise deformation of eyes, eyebrows and lips for FER. Third, Canny-HOG's block and cell sizes are adjusted to reduce feature dimensionality and make the classifier less prone to overfitting. Our method was tested on images from the JAFFE and CK databases. Experimental results in L-O-Sam-O and L-O-Sub-O modes demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method. Meanwhile, the recognition rate of this method is not significantly affected in the presence of Gaussian noise and salt-and-pepper noise conditions.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.1-19
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• 1997

This thesis is a reflection of Korean aestheticism and how it has evolved and influenced Korean contemporary fashion throughout the last century. Up to the current, there have been five notable trends of fashion that have been influenced from and have reflected the qualities emblematic of various periods in Korean history. They can be characterized as the era of Missionary fashion, Uniform fashion, Salon fashion, Brand Name Fashion, and finally, fashion from the current era of diversification. The specific characteristics of each fashion era have been analized and illustrated in a comprehensive table. Design characteristics of Korean contemporary fashion are as follows : 1. A point of emphasis is given to facial feature, unconstructive design and ample silhouette and A silhouette, two-piece and pants. Korean style wrap skirt, a smooth curve and layered style. 2. Effect of flatness from material; as methods of quilting, reinforced dual stitching(Kaeki), patchwork, embroidery and goldfoil thread extra, it is turned up that texture of cloth stuff and effects of flatness. 3. Simple color combinations give effects in two different directions For instance, white and a variety of vivid colors, a dull color and bright colors, black, blue. 4. Over-design, diffusion of fashion. Based on the design characteristics described above, the essence of Korea's beauty consciousness can be captured and summarized through the following points: 1. Emotionalism and non-characterism: traditional and simple natural beauty and modernized natural beauty. 2. From authoritism to non-authoritism: traditional and formal personal beauty and casual characteristic beauty. 3. Polaris (antithesis) phenomenon: chastic beauty and ostentatious beauty, simplicity and lavishness, conformity of fashion and originality. Although the beauty consciousness of Korean contemporary fashion is changing from traditional passive metaphor to aesthetic expressionism for the new generation, after all the basic foundation or root of the spiritual beauty of idealism is usually recognized by focusing on the face.

• 한국산업정보학회논문지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.60-68
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 자동으로 사용자의 얼굴 표정을 인식할 수 있는 시스템을 제안한다. 제안된 시스템은 휴리스틱 정보를 기반으로 설계된 트리 구조를 이용하여 행복, 역겨움, 놀람의 감정과 무표정을 인식한다. 카메라로부터 영상이 들어오면 먼저 얼굴 특징 검출기에서 피부색 모델과 연결성분 분석을 이용하여 얼굴 영역을 획득한다. 그 후에 신경망 기반의 텍스처 분류기를 사용하여 눈 영역과 비 눈 영역으로 구분한 뒤 눈의 중심 영역과 에지 정보를 기반으로 하여 눈, 눈썹, 입 등의 얼굴 특징을 찾는다. 검출된 얼굴 특징들은 얼굴 표정 인식기에 사용되며 얼굴 인식기는 이를 기반으로 한 decision tree를 이용하여 얼굴 감정을 인식한다. 제안된 방법의 성능을 평가하기 위해 MMI JAFFE, VAK DB에서 총 180장의 이미지를 사용하여 테스트하였고 약 93%의 정확도를 보였다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.451-457
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• 2011

Purpose: As a central feature of the face, the nose has considerable significance in appearance and expression. Reconstruction of full thickness defects of the nasal ala has always been a challenge because of the 3-dimensional structure. For reconstruction of post burn defects of ala, skin graft, local or pedicled flap and composite graft are optionally available. We have reconstructed the ala defects using adiposocutaneous graft and observed the outcome. Methods: From March 2003 to December 2010, 19 cases in 11 patients with scar contracture and defect on ala portion were performed operation using adiposocutaneous graft. As a donor site, we used the inguinal crease and posterior auricular area and the donor site was primarily closed. We made incision through the superior rim of ala and released fully. A graft is applied to recipient site with larger size than recipient volume. Results: The mean age of the patient was 38.6 years (16~51), males are seven patients and females are four patients. The operation was performed bilaterally in 5 patients and unilaterally in 6 patients. Composite grafts were harvested from inguinal area in 13 cases and posterior auricular area in 6 cases. In one case, we did 4 times of operation to get enough volume. All the grafts were well taken. The mean size of the graft was 3.63 $cm^2$. Conclusion: For reconstruction of post burn defects of ala, it's not easy to use local flap or pedicled flap because of hardness and fibrosis of surrounding tissue. So, we choose adiposocutaneous graft for ala deformity reconstruction, got satisfactory outcome in color matching and texture.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.77-90
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• 2023

Today, crops face many characteristics/diseases. Insect damage is one of the main characteristics/diseases. Insecticides are not always effective because they can be toxic to some birds. It will also disrupt the natural food chain for animals. A common practice of plant scientists is to visually assess plant damage (leaves, stems) due to disease based on the percentage of disease. Plants suffer from various diseases at any stage of their development. For farmers and agricultural professionals, disease management is a critical issue that requires immediate attention. It requires urgent diagnosis and preventive measures to maintain quality and minimize losses. Many researchers have provided plant disease detection techniques to support rapid disease diagnosis. In this review paper, we mainly focus on artificial intelligence (AI) technology, image processing technology (IP), deep learning technology (DL), vector machine (SVM) technology, the network Convergent neuronal (CNN) content Detailed description of the identification of different types of diseases in tomato and potato plants based on image retrieval technology (CBIR). It also includes the various types of diseases that typically exist in tomato and potato. Content-based Image Retrieval (CBIR) technologies should be used as a supplementary tool to enhance search accuracy by encouraging you to access collections of extra knowledge so that it can be useful. CBIR systems mainly use colour, form, and texture as core features, such that they work on the first level of the lowest level. This is the most sophisticated methods used to diagnose diseases of tomato plants.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.8-16
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• 2024

Communication with the deaf has always been crucial. Deaf and hard-of-hearing persons can now express their thoughts and opinions to teachers through sign language, which has become a universal language and a very effective tool. This helps to improve their education. This facilitates and simplifies the referral procedure between them and the teachers. There are various bodily movements used in sign language, including those of arms, legs, and face. Pure expressiveness, proximity, and shared interests are examples of nonverbal physical communication that is distinct from gestures that convey a particular message. The meanings of gestures vary depending on your social or cultural background and are quite unique. Sign language prediction recognition is a highly popular and Research is ongoing in this area, and the SVM has shown value. Research in a number of fields where SVMs struggle has encouraged the development of numerous applications, such as SVM for enormous data sets, SVM for multi-classification, and SVM for unbalanced data sets.Without a precise diagnosis of the signs, right control measures cannot be applied when they are needed. One of the methods that is frequently utilized for the identification and categorization of sign languages is image processing. African Buffalo Optimization using Support Vector Machine (ABO+SVM) classification technology is used in this work to help identify and categorize peoples' sign languages. Segmentation by K-means clustering is used to first identify the sign region, after which color and texture features are extracted. The accuracy, sensitivity, Precision, specificity, and F1-score of the proposed system African Buffalo Optimization using Support Vector Machine (ABOSVM) are validated against the existing classifiers SVM, CNN, and PSO+ANN.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.200-206
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• 1984

연쇄(連鎖)된 홍적층(洪積層)에 기인(基因)된 반천(盤泉), 고평(高平), 화동(華東) 및 덕평통(德坪統)에 대(對)하여 형태적(形態的) 특성(特性)과 토양(土壤)의 이화학성(理化學性)을 조사(調査) 연구(硏究)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 반천(盤泉), 고평(高平), 화동(華東) 및 덕평통(德坪統)의 순(順)으로 토양(土壤) 연쇄성(連鎖性)이 인정(認定)되며 반천(盤泉)과 고평통(高平統)은 배수(排水)가 양호(良好)하고 화동(華東)과 덕평통(德坪統)은 지형(地形)과 관개수(灌漑水)의 영향(影響)으로 배수(排水)가 약간(若干) 양호(良好)하였다. 2. 반천(盤泉)과 고평통(高平統)의 표토(表土)는 황적색(黃赤色), 암황갈색(暗黃褐色)의 미사식양질(微砂埴壤質)이고 심토(心土)는 황적색(黃赤色), 적색(赤色) 및 진갈색(眞褐色)의 중용(中庸) 내지 강(强)한 각주상(角柱狀) 혹은 각괴상(角塊狀) 구조(構造)로서 점토피막(粘土皮膜)이 있는 식질(埴質)이며, 화동(華東)과 덕평통(德坪統)의 표토(表土)는 암회갈색(暗灰褐色), 회갈색(灰褐色)의 미사식양질(微砂埴壤質)이고 심토(心土)는 진갈색(眞褐色), 명(明)오리브갈색(褐色), 적색(赤色)의 중용(中庸) 내지 강(强)한 각주상(角柱狀), 각괴상(角塊狀) 혹은 반각괴상(半角塊狀) 구조(構造)로서 점토피막(粘土皮膜)이 있는 미사식양질(微砂埴壤質)이나 식질(埴質)이었다. 또한 이들 심토층(心土層)은 매우 치밀(緻密)하고 단단하며 습(濕)할 때 점착성(粘着性)과 가소성(可塑性)이 매우 강(强)하였다. 3. 미사(微砂)/점토율(粘土率), 토양산도(土壤酸度), 유기물(有機物), 유효수분(有效水分) 및 인산함량(燐酸含量)은 지형(地形)이 낮은데 위치(位置)한 토양(土壤)일수록 그 함량(含量)이 많았으나 활성철(活性鐵)은 그 반대(反對)인 경향(傾向)이었다. 4. 공시토양(供試土壤)들을 미국(美國)의 신(新) 분류법(分類法)에 따라 Hapludalfs로 분류(分類)할 수 있었다. 5. 이들 토양(土壤)들의 생산성(生産性)을 제고(提高)하기 위(爲)하여는 석회(石灰), 인산질비료(燐酸質肥料) 및 퇴비(堆肥) 등(等)의 증시(增施)가 요구(要求)된다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제10권10호
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• pp.283-288
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• 2012

현재 전 세계적으로 미래 수익 사업의 일환으로 각광받고 있는 분야 중 하나는 3D이다. 3D는 현실세계와 가상현실 세계의 차원을 함께 공존시켜주며 형태 및 질감 등을 느낄 수 있게 해주어 기존의 평면적인 2D에서 입체적인 3D로 변화하고 공존의 시대적 현실을 잘 보여주고 있기 때문이다. 3D에 대한 사람들의 관심은 3D아바타를 바탕으로 하는 영화를 통하여 확산되었다. 또한 현재 대기업들의 3D TV 시장으로의 시장 변화 역시 3D시장의 개척에서 도약의 시대로 한층 더 업그레이드 시키게 되었다. 또한 이와 동시에 세계의 현대인이라면 필수품이 되어가고 있는 스마트폰의 열풍 또한 새로운 핸드폰 시장과 IT 시장의 혁신을 이루었으며. 스마트 폰은 작은 컴퓨터라 불릴 정도로, 그 파급속도와 여파는 전화, 인터넷의 혁신만큼 많은 이슈를 남기고 있다. 스마트폰은 말 그대로 똑똑한 폰으로 여러 가지 기능을 할 수 있는 핸드폰이다. 현재 iPhone, Android. Windows Phone외에 다수의 스마트폰이 출시되어 있다. 위의 전체적인 향후의 전망과 비즈니스 서비스 모델을 위하여 스마트폰에 가상의 3D캐릭터를 카메라로 입력받아 3D 표정아바타를 사람의 얼굴에 합성할 수 있고 카메라로 사용자의 감성 표정을 인식하여 합성된 아바타를 실시간 다른 휴대전화 사용자에게 정합, 전송, 통신 할 수 있는 실시간 감성융합 영상통신 서비스 어플리케이션의 개발하고자 한다.