• 제목/요약/키워드: f0 intervals

검색결과 147건 처리시간 0.03초

Degree of conversion of two dual-cured resin cements light-irradiated through zirconia ceramic disks

  • Kim, Min-Jeong;Kim, Kyo-Han;Kim, Young-Kyung;Kwon, Tae-Yub
    • The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
    • /
    • 제5권4호
    • /
    • pp.464-470
    • /
    • 2013
  • PURPOSE. The aim of this Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic study was to measure the degree of conversion (DC) of dual-cured resin cements light-irradiated through zirconia ceramic disks with different thicknesses using various light-curing methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Zirconia ceramic disks (KT12) with three different thicknesses (1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mm) were prepared. The light transmittance of the disks was measured using ultraviolet visible near-infrared spectroscopy. Four different light-curing protocols were used by combining two curing light modes (Elipar TriLight (standard mode) and bluephase G2 (high power mode)) with light-exposure times of 40 and 120 seconds. The DCs of the two dual-cured resin cements (Duo-Link and Panavia F2.0) light-irradiated through the disks was analyzed at three time intervals (3, 7, and 10 minutes) by FTIR spectroscopy. The data was analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA (${\alpha}$=.05).Two-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze the 10 minute DC results. RESULTS. The 1.0 mm thick disk exhibited low light transmittance (<25%), and the transmittance decreased considerably with increasing disk thickness. All groups exhibited significantly higher 10 minute DC values than the 3 or 7 minute values (P<.05), but some exceptions were observed in Duo-Link. Two-way ANOVA revealed that the influence of the zirconia disk thickness on the 10 minute DC was dependent on the light-curing methods (P<.001). This finding was still valid even at 4.0 mm thickness, where substantial light attenuation took place. CONCLUSION. The curing of the dual-cured resin cements was affected significantly by the light-curing technique, even though the additional chemical polymerization mechanism worked effectively.

PET/CT 검사에서 시간 입력 차이에 따른 표준화섭취계수(SUV) 변화에 대한 고찰 (The study on Standard Uptake Value(SUV) change according to time input difference in PET/CT scan)

  • 김경식;이주영;정우영;김정선
    • 핵의학기술
    • /
    • 제15권2호
    • /
    • pp.21-25
    • /
    • 2011
  • PET/CT 검사 시 주사실 근무자의 주사 시간의 입력과 PET 검사실 근무자의 검사 시작 시간의 오차가 발생할 수 있으며 이러한 시간 입력의 오차는 반정량적 평가 방법으로 사용되고 있는 표준화섭취계수(이하 SUV) 값에 영향을 줄 수 있다. 이에 시간 입력 차이에 따른 SUV의 변화를 분석하고 시간 동기화의 필요성을 알아보고자 한다. $^{18}F$-FDG Fusion Whole Body PET 검사를 시행한 환자 중 성인 30명을 대상으로 연구 분석하였다. 시간 차이에 따른 SUV의 변화를 분석하기 위해 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20분의 시간 오차를 주어 영상을 재구성하였다. 각각의 재구성한 영상은 liver, aorta, primary lesion에서 ROI를 설정하여 SUV를 측정하였다. 환자 30명의 영상을 각각 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20분의 오차를 주어 재구성한 영상과 기존의 시간을 입력한 영상의 SUV를 비교 분석하였다. liver의 mean SUV는 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20분에서 각각 1.6, 2.5, 3.0, 4.2, 6.6, 12.8%, aorta의 mean SUV는 각각 0.3, 1.1, 1.4, 3.2, 4.7, 12.5%, lesion의 max SUV는 각각 1.0, 1.5, 2.2, 3.5, 6.6, 12.8%의 차이를 확인 할 수 있었다. SUV를 보다 정확하게 측정하기 위해서 이러한 오차를 최소화 하려는 노력을 해야 하며 그 중 시간 동기화는 정확한 검사를 하기위한 노력의 초석이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

  • PDF

Profile of Lung Cancer in Kuwait

  • El-Basmy, Amani;Al-Mohannadi, Shihab;Al-Awadi, Ahmed
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
    • /
    • 제14권10호
    • /
    • pp.6181-6184
    • /
    • 2013
  • Background: Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer in males and the fourth most frequent site in females, worldwide. This study is the first to explore the profile of lung cancer in Kuwait. Materials and Methods: Cases of primary lung cancer (Kuwaiti) in Kuwait cancer Registry (KCR) were grouped in 4 periods (10 years each) from 1970-2009. Epidemiological measures; age standardized incidence rate (ASIR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), Standardized rate ratio (SRR) and Cumulative risk and Forecasting to year 2020-2029 used for analysis. Results: Between years, 2000-2009 lung cancer ranked the 4th and the 9th most frequent cancer in males and females respectively. M:F ratio 1:3. Mean age at diagnosis (95%CI) was 65.2 (63.9-66.4) years. The estimated risk of developing lung cancer before the age of 75 years in males is 1.8% (1/56), and 0.6 (1/167) in females. The ASIR for male cases was 11.7, 17.1, 17.0, 14.0 cases/100,000 population in the seventies, eighties, nineties and in 2000-2009 respectively. Female ASIR was 2.3, 8.4, 5.1, 4.4 cases/100,000 population in the same duration. Lung cancer is the leading cause cancer death in males 168 (14.2%) and the fifth cause of death due to cancer in females accounting for 6.1% of all cancer deaths. The ASMR (95%CI) was 8.1 (6.6-10.0) deaths/100,000 population and 2.8 (1.3-4.3) deaths/100,000 population in males and females respectively. The estimated Mortality to incidence Ratio was 0.6. Conclusions: The incidence of lung cancer between years 2000-2009 is not different from that reported in the seventies. KCR is expecting the number of lung cancer cases to increase.

인체에서 Pick 원리 및 열희석법에 의한 심박출량 측정의 비교 연구 (Comparison of Cardiac Output Determination by Direct Fick and Thermodilution Method in Man)

  • 장병철
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
    • /
    • 제14권3호
    • /
    • pp.228-234
    • /
    • 1981
  • Measurement of cardiac output by thermodilution method is easy to perform and can be repeated at very short intervals and offers a number of theoretical and practical advantages. The purpose of this paper is to reevaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of the thermodilution cardiac output by comparing the results with those obtained by the direct Fick technique. From January through April 1981 [4 months], 26 simultaneous cardiac output measurements were made using thermodilution and direct Fick methods in 12 patients in the intensive care unit of Severance Hospital following open heart surgery. The average age of the patients was $34.8{\pm}12.0$ [SD] years [range; 17-57 years]. For cardiac output determination by thermodilution technique [$CO_TD$], a Swan-Ganz Thermodilution Catheter, Model 93A-131-7F [Edwards Laboratories], a Cardiac Output Computer, Model 9520A, and Strip Chart Recorder, Model 9810 [Edwards Laboratories] were used. For the determination of cardiac output by direct Fick principle [$CO_Fick$], a Van Slyke Manometric Apparatus [Thomas] for the measurements of arteriovenous oxygen content difference and a Collin`s Respirometer with Kymograph for the measurement of oxygen consumption were used. The correlation between the simultaneously measured $CO_TD$ and $CO_Fick$ was found to be $CO_Fick$ = 0.95.$CO_TD$ + 0.1073, [r= 0.9777, P < 0.001 ]. For 26 double or triple determinations of $CO_TD$, the values ranged from 1.77 L/min to 6.66 L/min, with a reproducibility of 2.18%. The maximum difference of $CO_TD$ for $CO_Fick$ was between +11.99% and -12,99% [$Mean{\pm}SD$ = $6.07{\pm}3.97$%]. Measurement of cardiac output by thermodilution method provides a simple, rapid, reproducible and highly accurate method for multiple cardiac output measurements suitable for use at the bedside. Comparison of Cardiac Output Determination by Direct Fick and Thermodilution Method in Man.

  • PDF

자기폭풍 기간 중 정지궤도 공간에서의 입자 유입률과 Dst 지수 사이의 상관관계 (THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARTICLE INJECTION RATE OBSERVED AT GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT AND DST INDEX DURING GEOMAGNETIC STORMS)

  • 문가희;안병호
    • Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
    • /
    • 제20권2호
    • /
    • pp.109-122
    • /
    • 2003
  • 자기폭풍(magnetic storm)과 서브스톰(substorm)의 인과관계를 규명하기 위하여 서브스톰 확장기 활동(substorm expansive activity)의 전형적인 지시자로 알려진 정지궤도 위성에서 관측된 양성자 플럭스(proton flux)의 무분산 입자유입률(dispersionless particle injection rate)과 Dst 지수와의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 본 연구에 이용된 자기폭풍은 1996년에서 2000년까지 5년 동안에 일어난 것으로 자기폭풍 기간 중 Dst의 최소값인 $Dst_{min}$의 크기에 따라 대규모($-200nT{$\leq$}Dst_{min}{$\leq$}-100nT$), 중규모($-100nT{\leq}Dst_{min}{\leq}-50nT$), 소규모 자기폭풍($-50nT{\leq}Dst_{min}{\leq}-30nT$)의 3단계로 구분하였다. 양성자 플럭스는 LANL의 정지궤도 위성에서 관측된 자료 중에서 주로 환전류(ring current)를 구성하는 입자의 에너지에 해당하는 50keV에서 670keV 범위의 6개 에너지 채널의 자료를 이용하였다. 그리고 입자유입은 자정 부근에서 주로 일어나므로 18:00~04:00MLT구간에서 관측된 자료만을 이용하였다. 한편 내부 자기권으로 유입되는 입자에너지를 추정하기 위하여 양성자 플럭스 비($f_{max}/f_{ave}$)를 조사하였다. 여기서, $f_{ave}$$f_{max}$는 각각 입자유입이 일어나기 전 후의 양성자 플럭스의 양을 나타낸다. 한편 자기폭풍 기간 동안에 1 ~ 2개의 인공위성 관측으로부터 내부 자기권으로 유입되는 총 에너지량을 추정하는 것이 불가능하다는 것이 알려졌다. 그러나 총 에너지 유입량은 적어도 플럭스 비와 유입횟수에 비례할 것이다. 따라서 내부 자기권으로 유입되는 에너지의 양을 간접적으로 추정하기 위해서 이들의 곱으로 정의되는 총 에너지 유입률 지수(total energy injection parameter, TEIP)를 제안하였다. 특히 서브스톰이 자기폭풍의 발달에 기여하는 정도를 알기 위하여 자기폭풍을 두 구간, 즉 주상(main phase)과 회복기(recovery phase)로 나누어 조사하였다. 양성자의 무분산 유입자료와 자기폭풍 기간 중 Dst$_{min}$ 값을 비교해 본 결과 다음과 같은 특성이 확인되었다. 첫째, 주상기간 중 입자들의 평균 유입횟수는 자기폭풍의 크기에 비례하여 증가하는 경향을 나타내며 유입휫수와 $Dst_{min}$ 사이에는 높은 상관관계(0.83)가 있었다. 둘째, 주상기간 중 자기폭풍의 크기가 클수록 플럭스 비 ($f_{max}/f_{ave}$는 대체로 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 그리고 75~113keV 에너지 채널에서의 $Dst_{min}$ 값과 플럭스 비의 상관계수는 0.74로서 가장 높았으며 나머지 에너지 채널 역시 비교적 높은 상관관계를 나타냈다. 셋째, 주상기간 중 총 에너지 유입률 지수와 $Dst_{min}$ 사이에 높은 상관관계가 확인되었다. 특히 환전류를 구성하는 주요 입자의 에너지 영역(75~l13keV)에서 가장 높은(0.80) 상관계수를 기록했다. 넷째, 회복기 중에 일어나는 입자들의 유입은 자기폭풍의 지속시간을 연장시키는 경향을 보이며 큰 자기폭풍일수록 현저했다. 주상에서 관측된 이러한 특성은 서브스톰 확장기 활동이 자기폭풍의 발달과 밀접한 관계가 있음을 시사한다.

노인 아증후군적 우울증 환자의 인지기능 및 삶의 질 저하 (Cognitive Impairment and Decreased Quality of Life in Elderly Patients with Subsyndromal Depression)

  • 류재성;김문두;이창인;박준혁
    • 생물정신의학
    • /
    • 제20권2호
    • /
    • pp.45-53
    • /
    • 2013
  • Objectives Non-major depression with fewer symptoms than required for a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-4th edition diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) has consistently been found to be associated with functional impairment. In this study, we aim to estimate the cognitive impairment and the quality of life in elderly patients with subsyndromal depression (SSD) compared with non-depressive elderly (NDE). Methods The Korean version of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was administered to 194 outpatients with depression and 108 normal controls. SSD is defined as having five or more current depressive symptoms with core depressive symptoms (depressive mood or loss of interest or pleasure) during more than half a day and more than seven days over two weeks. Depression was evaluated by the Korean form of Geriatric Depression Scale of a 15-item short version. Global cognition was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination in the Korean version of CERAD assessment packet (MMSE-KC). Subjective cognitive impairment was assessed by the Subjective Memory Complaint Questionnaire. Quality of life was evaluated by the Korean Version of Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey. Results The mean score of the MMSE-KC in the SSD group was lower than that in the NDE group with adjustment for age, gender, and education [F = 4.270, p = 0.04, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)]. If we defined those having Z-score of MMSE-KC < -1.5 as a high risk group of cognitive impairment, the odds ratio for the high risk group of cognitive impairment was 1.86 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.04-3.34] in SSD and 7.57 (95% CI 3.50-16.40) in MDD compared to NDE. The scores of physical component summary (F = 9.274, p = 0.003, ANCOVA) and mental component summary (F = 53.166, p < 0.001, ANCOVA) in the SSD group were lower than those in the NDE group with adjustment for age, gender, and education. Conclusions The subjects with SSD, as well as those with MDD, showed impairment of global cognition and also experienced low quality of life in both physical and mental aspects, compared to the NDE group.

방사성동위원소옥소(放射性同位元素沃素)($^{131}I$)가 "마우스"의 주요장기(主要臟器)의 병리조직상(病理組織像)에 미치는 영향(影響)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (Histopathological Studies of Mice after Administration of Radioactive Iodine($^{131}I$))

  • 노재성;이문호
    • 대한핵의학회지
    • /
    • 제1권2호
    • /
    • pp.85-97
    • /
    • 1967
  • Histopathological changes of various organs of the mice after intra-peritoneal injections of radioactive iodine ($^{131}I$) were experimentally observed. Sixity healthy female mice, weighing average 25 gm, devided into 6 groups, were used. The various doses of $^{131}I$ were injected intraperitoneally at different intervals. The histopathological changes after these treatments were observed in organs such as thyroids, parathyroids, livers, kidneys and gonads. Following were the results; 1) Thyroid: In the group A given $^{131}I$ with a single dose of $10{\mu}C$ per gm body weight, it was observed that the protoplasms of follicular epithelial cells were destroyed, the nuclei were expanded or dissoluted, showing pyknotic changes of nuclei and vacuolizations of protoplasms. In the group B given $^{131}I$ with a single dose of $5{\mu}C$ per gm body weight, hyperemias, hemorrhages and hyaline degenerations in the whole area were observed. In the group C given $^{131}I$ with 3 doses of $2.5{\mu}C$ per gm body weight every week, the thyroid parenchyms were destroyed and epithelial cells of varing size were observed in the fibrinous tissues. In the group D given $^{131}I$ with 6 doses of $0.5{\mu}C$ per gm body weight every week, some destroyed follicles and new borne follicles were observed. But the histopathological changes resemble the follicles of the normal thyroid gland. In the group E and F given $^{131}I$ with 8 and 10 doses of $0.2{\mu}C\;and\;0.01{\mu}C$ for each group per gm body weight every two days, both pyknotic changes of nuclei and cytoplasmic vacuolizations of the follicular epithelia, hypertrophies of follicles and abnormal irregular follicular structures were observed, and in the group F, lymphocytes appeared around the thyroid glands. 2) Parathyroid: In the group A, hyperemia, proliferations of connective tissues, karyorrhexes and vacuolizations were observed. In other experimental groups, no particular pathological change was observed. 3) Liver: The degnerative changes and acute or chronic inflammatory changes were observed in proportion to the amount of $^{131}I$ injected. Atrophies of the liver cells, dilatations of sinusoids, hyaline degenerations and necrotic pictures were observed. 4) Kidney: In the group A, congestions and infiltrations of mononuclear cells and granulocytes were observed around the cortical arteries, and in the group B, the degenerative changes of cortexes, and, in the group C and D, hydronephrotic changes were observed respectively, and hyaline degenerations were partially observed. 5) Gonad: In the group A, the follicles were degenerated. The ova in the follicles showed irregular figures. The changes in the group B were almost the same as in the group A, but the changes were mild. In the group C, the destructions of whole ova, the hypertrophies of ovarian follicular membranes and pyknotic changes of nuclei were observed. In the group D, the pathological changes were similar to that of group C, but mild in the grade. In the group E, almost none of ovarian follicular fluid was observed, and in the group F, the tissue pictures were almost similar to that of the normal group.

  • PDF

Contribution of Bulk Flow to Transport Mechanisms of the Membranes Surrounding Amniotic Fluid in the Rabbit

  • Lim, Young-Cheol;Lee, Sang-Jin;Sung, Ho-Kyung
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology
    • /
    • 제28권1호
    • /
    • pp.79-90
    • /
    • 1994
  • The objective of the present study is to assess the contribution of bulk flow to the regulatory mechanism of amniotic fluid volume and its ionic concentration in the membranes surrounding the amniotic fluid. For quantitative assessment, we prepared 4 kinds of artificial amniotic fIuids (isotonic isovolumetric, hypotonic isovolumetric, isotonic hypervolumetric and hypotonic hypervolumetric ones) by replacing 70% of amniotic fluid of pregnant rabbits with water or normal Tyrode solutions. Isoosmotic saline of 0.5 ml volume containing 0.05% Censored and 15 mM/l LiCl was administered initially into amniotic sacs of all subject animals. Samples of amniotic fluid were collected in after 30 and 90 minute intervals; the concentrations of Censored, $Na^+\;and\;Li^+$ were determined and compared. Followings are the results obtained. 1. from isovolumetric and increased Congcord group, we couldn't find significant change in $Li^+\;and\;Na^+$ concentration in isotonic amniotic fluid. However, $Na^+$ concentration increased significantly as well as a striking increase in Censored concentration in hypotonic amniotic fluid. 2. In isovoIumetric and decreased Censored group, the rate of $[Li^+]$ decrement and the rate of $[Na^+]$ increment were much higher in hypotonic amniotic fluid than in isotonic. 3. In hypervolumetric and increased Censored group, the rate of $Na^+$ efflux increased proportionately with the increment of Censored concentration up to 0.98, which was higher than the rate of $Li^+$ efflux in isotonic amniotic fluid. However, the increment of $Na^+$ concentration was rather related with the initial $Na^+$ concentration in hypotonic amniotic fluid, showing inverse relationship. $Li^+$ concentration increased only when there was a marked increase in Censored concentration and approached near a maximum value or 1. 4. For hypervolumetric and decreased Censored group, the observations were identical to isovolumetric and decreased Censored group. From these results the following conclusions could be made: 1) There is no net movement of water or monovalent cations across the membranes surrounding amniotic fIuid in isotonic isovolumetric condition. In contrast, there is a net efflux of amniotic fluid by osmotic bulk flow, resulting in elevation of $Na^+$ concentration in hypotonic isovolumetric condition. 2) In hypervolumetric conditions, there is a massive efflux of amniotic fluid or solvent drag through the surrounding membranes by fiItrative bulk flow, where the rate of $Na^+$ efflux has a linear relationship with that of water efflux. This is assumed to be carried out through enlarged and newly opened intercellular spaces resulting from increased intraamniotic pressure. 3) Once increasing intraamniotic pressure reaches a point allowing $Li^+$ to pass through during osmotic bulk flow in hypotonic amniotic fIuid, $Na^+$ influx seems to occur by diffusion simultaneously or immediately thereafter, too.

  • PDF

열전대(thermocouple)를 이용한 Buchanan Plugger 표면의 온도상승 분석 (ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE RISE ON THE SURFACE OF BUCHANAN PLUGGER USING THERMOCOUPLE)

  • 조진숙;황윤찬;김선호;황인남;최보영;정영진;정우남;오원만
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
    • /
    • 제28권4호
    • /
    • pp.334-340
    • /
    • 2003
  • This study was performed to evaluate the actual temperature rise on the surface of Buchanan plugger using thermocouple. The heat carrier system 'System B Heatsource'(Model 1005, Analytic Technologies, Redmond, WA, USA) and the Buchanan pluggers of F, FM, M and ML sizes are used for this study. The temperature was set to 200^{\circ}C on digital display and the power level on it was set to 10. Five thermocouples were placed in direct contact with the surface of each size of Buchanan's pluggers at 1 mm increments from the tip to the 4 mm length of shank. The heat control spring was touched for 5 seconds. and the temperature rise on the surface of the pluggers were measured at 1 sec intervals for more than 5 seconds with an accuracy of 0.01 using Data Logger. The data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The results were as follows. 1. The position at which the temperature peaked was approximately at 1~2 mm far from the tip of Buchanan plugger (p<0.01). 2. The peak temperature was $215.25{\pm}2.28^{\circ}C$ in F plugger. $185.94{\pm}2.19^{\circ}C$ in FM plugger, $169.51{\pm}9.12^{\circ}C$ in M plugger, and 160.79{\pm}1.27^{\circ}C in ML plugger and the peak temperature was highest in F plugger and followed by. in descending order. FM plugger. M plugger. ML plugger showed the lowest peak temperature (p<0.01). 3. The temperature on the plugger was decreased with the increase of touching time. This results suggest that the actual temperature on the surface of the pluggers does not correlate well with the temperature set on digital display. Heat concentrates around the tip. The larger plugger reveals lower temperature rise relatively.

HRV 분석을 이용한 운전피로도에 관한 연구 (The Study of Driving Fatigue using HRV Analysis)

  • 성홍모;차동익;김선웅;박세진;김철중;윤영로
    • 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
    • /
    • 제24권1호
    • /
    • pp.1-8
    • /
    • 2003
  • 장시간 운전을 하는 동안 운전자는 외부상황을 계속해서 주시하고 경계하게 하므로 운전자에게는 정신적 부하로 작용하게 되며 이로 인해 발생하는 운전피로는 자동차 사고의 원인이 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 심박변동신호를 분석하여 운전시간의 증가에 따른 발생하는 운전피로도를 알아보았다. 심박변동신호의 분석방법에는 이전 연구들에서 널리 사용되어져 왔던 선형분석방법들과 함께 ApEn, Poincare Plot등을 이용한 비선형 분석방법들을 이용하였다. 3년 이상의 운전경력을 가진 5명의 실험자가 참가하였으며 모든 실험자는 4대의 승용차를 2번씩 운전하여 총 40회의 실험을 실시하였다. 운전구간은 고속도로 300km구간을 왕복해서 주행하도록 하였으며 약 3시간 정도가 소요되었다. 운전하는 동안 30분 간격으로 심전도 데이터를 측정하였다. 측정된 심전도 신호로부터 유도된 심박변동신호(HRV : heart rate variability)로부터 시간영역 변수, 주파수 영역변수, 비선형 특성 등을 구한다음, 안정 상태의 데이터라 비교하여 통계석 유의성을 살펴보았다. 분석결과 시간영역의 변수인 평균심박동수는 운전시간의 증가에 따라 계속적으로 감소하였으며 심박동율의 표준편차와 연속적인 RR간격의 차이는 90분 이후로는 일정 수준을 유지하였다. 주파수 영역에서 구한 L $F_{norm}$, LF/HF는 운전시간에 따라 증가함을 보였다. 비선형 특성을 알아보기 위해서 ApEn, Poincare plot을 이용하였는데 모두 시간에 따라 감소함을 나타내었다. 대부분의 변수에서 통계적 유의성은 1시간 이후부터 나타남을 볼 수 있었다.