• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.197-206
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• 2003

Nowadays, the studies on interface and cognition-engineering has become issues of general interest as newly design-methods which analyze the behavior of user on products. However existing studies were mainly done with verbal-centered method which made it difficult for the designer to apply for visual realization. Moreover many mistakes and noises are taken place whenever the designer converts verbal statements and needs of user into visual factors. Therefore the designer needs to analyze visual perception on user and product as visual-centered methods. This study applies the eye tracking method as analysing-instrument and aims to develop the analysis-framework, the concrete techniques of measurement and the application for the product design. At first the nature and the process of visual perception on products are reviewed for developing analysis method. Then the technique of eye tracking and the meaning of fixation and movement are discussed to specify the concrete method. The basic experiment of product can reveal general analysis process, advantage and guideline for the application of eye tracking method. The Study is peformed through the following 4 steps ; to pre-research into product design and visual perception theory ; to identify the concrete experiment method, to measure the fixation/movement data and analyze the raw data, to convert the result of analysis to the visual framework. Finally the major findings and the limits of the study are suggested and summarized.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.212-219
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• 2013

This study uses a fashion shop facade design to track human gaze, find gaze frequency for gaze time for the gaze points along the path of sight, and expose the importance of facade design and figure out the value through theoretical systematization. Thus, this study employed the measurement method in physiological psychology which is sight-tracking device with eye-tracking to perform effective data evaluation. To find gaze frequency and study the contents to reflect on the facade, precedent study review, and case study of facade design to collect stimulants to be used in eye-tracking experiment were executed. And the eye-tracking experiment which traces the movement of eye[pupil] was performed. As the result of analyzing gaze frequency, The characteristics of such gaze path formation made the characteristics for gaze frequency even clearer. What was characteristic in the analysis result according to 'average value for gaze time' was that only 8 out of 2000 areas showed over 1 second of frequency and, and all other shoed less than 1 second of gaze time. This indicates that human sight endlessly jumps around, and that it 'Stay' where it has interest. This study found the average of the frequency of this 'Stay' in facade design. This study well presents the major points to add value to the design of the space of facade based on scientific measurement/analysis data obtained through visual understanding. Through such, this study is thought to be able to have a positive interaction with marketing by forming a theoretical background bringing utility to purchase environment and assisting in sales increase.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.159-167
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• 2012

Eye tracking technology tracks human eyes movements to understand user's intention. This technology has been improving slowly and should be used for a variety of occasions now. For example, it enables persons with disabilities to operate a computer with their eyes. This article will show a typical implementation of an eye tracking system for persons with disabilities, after introducing the design principles and specific implementation details of an eye tracking system. The article discussed the realization of self-adapting regulation algorithm in detail. The self-adapting algorithm is based on feedback signal controlling the lens movements to realize automatic focus, and to get a clear eyes image. This CCD camera automatic focusing method has self-adapting capacity for changes of light intensity on the external environment. It also avoids the trouble of manual adjustment and improves the accuracy of the adjustment.

• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2007

Because of the cognitive overload which is caused by the complicated information structure, Digital Convergence product interferes with the effective retrieval of the information from the menu. Two methods have been used to alleviate that cognitive overload by making an effective menu structure; physical menu structure method which is related with the width and depth of the menu, semantic menu structure method which is related with the menu title. In this research, we tried to demonstrate the effectiveness of the menu structure designing method by suggesting a new semantic methodology which uses the Fixation and Fixation duration which are accompanied by the visual search. Because the Fixation is automatically processed by the human cognitive model, we could easily recognize whether the information structure is correspond to the cognitive model or not. From this fact we established the hypothesis that the number of cognitively well established menu structures are fewer than that of the wrongly designed menu structures in terms of the Fixation number and Duration. To verify this hypothesis, we compared the Fixation number and Duration of the modified menu structures with those of the original menu structures by using the Eye-Tracking experiment. As a result, we could find the significant decrease of the Fixation number and Duration after modification. Therefore we could recognize that the modified menu structure was more effective than the original menu structure. In sum, the newly suggested menu structure designing methodology which uses the Fixation and Fixation Duration accompanied by the visual search was proved to be a very effective method.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.1671-1678
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• 2006

A real time system realization for binocular eyeball tracking mouse on the computer monitor being far from 30-40cm is presented in the paper. The processing for searching eyeball and tracking the cursor are that a facial image is acquired by the small CCD camera, convert it into binary image, search for the eye two using the five region mask method in the eye surroundings and the side four points diagonal positioning method is searched the each iris. The tracking cursor is matched by measuring the iris central moving position. The cursor controlling is achieved by comparing two related distances between the iris maximum moving and the cursor moving to calculate the moving distance from gazing position and screen. The experimental results show that the binocular eyeball mouse system is simple and fast to be real time.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.575-580
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• 2010

Eye gaze as a form of input was primarily developed for users who are unable to use usual interaction devices such as keyboard and the mouse; however, with the increasing accuracy in eye gaze detection with decreasing cost of development, it tends to be a practical interaction method for able-bodied users in soon future as well. This paper explores a low-cost, robust, rotation and illumination independent eye gaze system for gaze enhanced user interfaces. We introduce two brand-new algorithms for fast and sub-pixel precise pupil center detection and 2D Eye Gaze estimation by means of deformable template matching methodology. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm based on the deformable angular integral search algorithm based on minimum intensity value to localize eyeball (iris outer boundary) in gray scale eye region images. Basically, it finds the center of the pupil in order to use it in our second proposed algorithm which is about 2D eye gaze tracking. First, we detect the eye regions by means of Intel OpenCV AdaBoost Haar cascade classifiers and assign the approximate size of eyeball depending on the eye region size. Secondly, using DAISMI (Deformable Angular Integral Search by Minimum Intensity) algorithm, pupil center is detected. Then, by using the percentage of black pixels over eyeball circle area, we convert the image into binary (Black and white color) for being used in the next part: DTBGE (Deformable Template based 2D Gaze Estimation) algorithm. Finally, using DTBGE algorithm, initial pupil center coordinates are assigned and DTBGE creates new pupil center coordinates and estimates the final gaze directions and eyeball size. We have performed extensive experiments and achieved very encouraging results. Finally, we discuss the effectiveness of the proposed method through several experimental results.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.111-119
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• 2010

This paper deals with the experiments of optokinetic differentiation within eye tracking test through the menu direction and cognitive degree of service menu title for watching digital media service. Researcher establish a research topic which verification of differentiations of eye tracking velocity when media user perceive the service menu title within vertical structure or horizontal structure. Experimentation was designed with two types of menu structure-vertical or horizontal-and these have each 9 cases of eye tracking tasks for experimentee. Researcher arrives at a conclusion through as stated above experiment that cases of vertical menu structure is more effective method with linear channel service menu, otherwise that cases of horizontal menu structure is more effective method with non linear channel service menu, like a video on demand service. The research results will be very helpful with actual media industry players when they planning the evolutionary direction of their menu layout.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.62-66
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• 2016

The recent increase in virtual reality (VR) technology around the world has been VR work in cooperation with technology from other sectors to form new trends. In the case of advertising, it is difficult to trace if VR users viewed a certain piece of advertisement because the current technology does not allow them to interact with the screen. Eye tracking technology can act as a solution to the problem of tracing advertisement views as it allows for data extraction in relation to which advertisements were viewed and for how long. The research paper suggests a method of how to track the eyes of users in VR advertising. The suggested method includes communication between a server and VR HMD (virtual reality head mounted display) as well as a screen of output from the server.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.419-427
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• 2009

We present a novel head tracking system for stereoscopic displays that ensures the viewer has a high degree of movement. The tracker is capable of segmenting the viewer from background objects using their relative distance. A depth camera using TOF(Time-Of-Flight) is used to generate a key signal for eye tracking application. A method of the moving parallax barrier is also introduced to supplement a disadvantage of the fixed parallax barrier that provides observation at the specific locations.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.6 no.7
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• pp.544-550
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• 2000

Among the several types of 3D display methods the autostereoscopic method has an advantage that we can enjoy a 3D image without any additional device but the method has a disadvantage of a narrow viewing zone so that the moving viewer coannot see the 3D image continuously. This disadvantage can be overcome with the detectioni of viewer's positional movement by head tracking. In this paper we suggest a method of detecting the position of the moving viewer's two eyes by using images obtained through a color CCD camera, The suggested method consists of the preprocessing process and the eye-detection process. Through the experiment of applying the suggested method we were able to find the accurate two-eyes position for 78 images among 80 sample input images of 8 different men with the processing speed of 0.39 second/frame using a personal computer.