• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.331-338
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• 2012

In the present work, mulberry fruit extracts by four extraction processes, namely wet pressing extraction (WPE), hot-water extraction (HWE), enzymatic hydrolysis (EH), and lactic-acid bacteria fermentation (LBF) by Lactobacillus plantarum TO-2100, were analyzed for nutrients and functional compounds. The sugar contents of extracts by WPE, HWE, EH, and LBF were 12.0, 10.9, 14.5, and 14.3 brix, respectively, and the extraction yields by EH and LBF were 1.65 and 1.50 times higher than those by WPE. Among the organic acids, tartaric acid and malic acid contents were the highest in the extracts by WPE. Acetic acid was best extracted by LBF, and citric acid was best extracted by EH. Lactic acid was detected only in LBF. The extracts by EH showed the highest contents of all vitamins with an exception that the extracts by LBF showed the highest contents of the folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin C. We also noted that vitamin B group was not detected in the extracts by LBF. The extracts by EH showed the highest contents of all the amino acids, whereas LBF showed the lowest. Polyphenol contents of extracts by EH and LBF were 3.05 and 2.51 times more than those by WPE respectively. Anthocyanin contents were 7.66, 7.14 times higher for EH and LBF compare to WPE. We manufactured mulberry fruit granular teas with different compositions and tested them for their sensory characteristics. We found that 15% mulberry fruit extracts by enzymatic hydrolysis and 85% dextrin composition gave the most satisfactory result.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.2813-2818
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• 2010

A novel method was developed for the speciation of chromium in natural water samples based on homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). In this method, Cr(III) reacts with a new Schiff's base ligand to form the hydrophobic complex, which is subsequently entrapped in the sediment phase, whereas Cr(VI) remained in aqueous phase. The Cr(VI) assay is based on its reduction to Cr(III) by the addition of sodium sulfite to the sample solution. Thus, separation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) could be realized. Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction based on the pH-independent phase-separation process was investigated using a ternary solvent system (water-tetrabutylammonium ion ($TBA^+$)-chloroform) for the preconcentration of chromium. The phase separation phenomenon occurred by an ion-pair formation of TBA and perchlorate ion. Then sedimented phase was separated using a $100\;{\mu}L$ micro-syringe and diluted to 1.0 mL with ethanol. The sample was introduced into the flame by conventional aspiration. After the optimization of complexation and extraction conditions such as pH = 9.5, [ligand] = $1.0{\times}10^{-4}\;M$, [$TBA^+$] = $2.0{\times}10^{-2}\;M$, [$CHCl_3$] = $100.0\;{\mu}L$ and [$ClO_4$] = $2.0{\times}10{-2}\;M$, a preconcentration factor (Va/Vs) of 100 was obtained for only 10 mL of the sample. The relative standard deviation was 2.8% (n = 10). The limit of detection was sufficiently low and lie at ppb level. The proposed method was applied for the extraction and determination of chromium in natural water samples with satisfactory results.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.08b
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• pp.1785-1788
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• 2007

We investigated the effect on light extraction in OLED by introducing aluminum micro bump light scattering reflector. By attaching the micro bump reflector to a both side emission OLED, we found that the light extraction was 1.7 times larger than a simple flat reflector. We fabricated a 20.8” inch WXGA full color AM-OLED by integrating the micro bump scattering reflector.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.116-122
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• 2003

This paper proposes an efficient method for computing the 3-dimensional capacitance of complex structures. The proposed method Is based on Finite Element Method(FEM) and expands the conventional FEM by adopting variable division. This method improves the extraction efficiency 50 times when compared to the conventional FEM with equal division. The proposed method can be used efficiently to extract electrical parameters of on/off-chip interconnects in VLSI systems.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.858-864
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• 1990

In an attempt to establish efficient extraction conditions of beef extract by hot water extraction, effects of extraction time, temperature and amount of added water were investigated. Beef extract was prepared with three different extraction conditions and quality parameters for optimization of extraction condition were content of total nitrogen, non protein nitrogen and collagen in terms of extractability. As a result, in order to produce beef extract from beef by hot water extraction, it was efficient to extract at $97^{\circ}C$ for 75 minutes with the addition of 2.5 times water. Proper extraction condition under pressure was at $125^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes with the addition of 2 times water.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.185-194
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• 2020

This study was conducted to find out the optimal extraction conditions to obtain extracts with a high content of ginsenosides and antioxidant activity using the ginseng berry. After extraction by stirring, ultrasound and microwave method using 70% ethanol and distilled water as solvents, the results of considering the content of ginsenoside Re and Rb1, total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, and whether it is an environmentally friendly manufacturing method, it was confirmed that the microwave method using distilled water is good method of extraction. The optimization of extraction conditions for microwave method were made by response surface methodology (RSM). Microwave power (50 ~ 200 W, X1), solvent and ginseng berry ratio (5 ~ 20 times, X2) and the extraction time (30 ~ 120 s, X3) were used as independent variables. The model showed a good fit having a determination coefficient of the regression equation of 0.9 or more and a p-value less than 0.05. Estimated conditions for the maximized extraction of ginsenoside contents and total polyphenols were 200 w in microwave power, 20 times in solvent and ginseng berry ratio, and 90 s in extraction time. Predicted values at the optimum conditions were total polyphenols of 6.23 mg GAE/g, ginsenoside Re of 17.69 mg/g, and ginsenoside Rb1 of 16.01 mg/g. In the verification of the actual measurement the obtained values showed 6.33 mg GAE/g, 17.79 mg/g, and 15.59 mg/g, respectively, in good agreement with predicted values.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2009

Quercetin is one of the main flavonoids from onion. To use quercetin as a functional component for onion food products, the effects of various extraction assisting methods such as juicing methods, microwave, ultrasound and enzyme treatments on the yield of quercetin and its glucosides were investigated. For conventional solvent extraction, the highest yield of quercetin and its glycosides was achieved with 0.8 mL/g of 60% methanol at 50$^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. The juicing methods using mixer and screw showed no influence on the yield. Microwave and ultrasound treatments showed 2.14 times and 2.06 times more quercetin yields than non-treated extraction, respectively. For cellulase and viscozyme treatments, the highest yields of quercetin were achieved with 0.5 mL/g of 1% enzyme-0.1M sodium acetate (pH 5.2) buffer solution. Cellulase and viscozyme treatment improved quercetin yield 1.65 times and 2.29 times more than non-treated one, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.168-172
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• 1986

The swelling and hydration properties of Korean red ginseng tails and yield of total solids in extract were studied during extraction with ethanol solution having a concentration of 0-90% at $60-100^{\circ}C$. Extraction was carried out 5 times which was taken 8 hours per each time of extraction. The swelling, hydration and total solids yield were increased as the ethanol concentration decreased and as the extraction temperature raised. The cumulative value of solids yield suggested that three times of extractions with water or 70% ethanol were effective to recover more than 84%. Linear regression analysis on the properties investigated and extraction conditions showed a linear logarithmic relationship .

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.223-229
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• 1994

The effect of agitation speed on mass transfer coefficient in the extraction of citric acid from mixed aqueous solutions of citric and acetic acid with n-butylacetate solutions of di-isotridecylamine(DITDA) and 50% mixture of tri-n-octyl and try-n-hexyl phosphine oxide(MOHPO), were studied in batch extractor. Experimental results showed that the degree of extraction was higher with increasing agitation speed, and was best at 200rpm and 30 minutes in batch extractor. The higher degree of extraction was obtained in mixed solution of citric-acetic acid by using DITDA than MOHPO as an carrier. Mass transfer coefficient was proportional to the degree of extraction, and $K_r=1.254{\times}10^{-3}Re^{0.536}$ was found for she extraction of citric acid by DITDA.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.64-67
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the possible determination of total phenolic compounds by Folin-Denis method from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and their extraction conditions. It was possible to apply the method for determination of total phenolic compounds from Korean red ginseng. But 3 kinds of amino acids such as tyrosine, cystein and tryptophan, and 3 kinds of vitamins such as ascorbic acid, pyridoxin HCI and thiamine HCI affected strongly the colorization by the method. Effective alcoholic solvent for the extraction was 60% ethanol, appropriate extraction temperature, time and times were 40-80。C, 1-2 hours and 3 times, respectively.