• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.8
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• pp.95-106
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• 1990

The most important factors among extraction conditions in the extraction process of Barley and Casia tora seed are particle size, extraction temperature, time and initial concentration. In this research project, then, the amounts of extracted materials were measured at various conditions of above factors. They were increased as the particle sizes were decreased and were also increased in the proportional to the value of square of temperature. General mathematical prediction models were developed by an optimization technique for the amounts of extracted materials and extraction rate on the basis of each independent factor. Then, the final prediction model was obtained upon all the factors. As the results, it was also found that the values of overall mass transfer coefficients were increased as the particle sizes were decreased.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.236-246
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• 2006

In this study, we give insight into questionable results that can be encountered in the conventional sequential extraction of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, and Zn) from soils. Objectives of this study were to determine the extraction variability of exchangeable (EXC)-metals as using six different EXC-extractants commonly accepted, and to investigate selectivity problems with carbonates bound (CAB)-metal fraction, a buffered acetate (1.0 M NaOAc; pH 5.0) extractable-metal fraction, leading to erratic results in especially non-calcareous soils. The contents of EXC-metals were markedly varied with the different extractability of various EXC-metal extractants used. The contents of EXC-Cd fraction were ranged from 2.0 to 74.3% of total Cd content in all of the metal spiked soils studied. The contents of EXC-Zn fraction extracted with the different EXC-extractants were varied with soil types, which were from 0.4 to 3.9% of total Zn in the calcareous soils, from 7.6 to 17.9% in the acidic soil, and from 13.6 to 56.8% in the peat soil. However, the contents of EXC-Cu fraction were relatively similar among the applications of different EXC-meal extractants, 0.2 to 2.1 % of total Cu, in all soils tested. Also, these varied amounts of EXC-metal fractions, especially Cd and Zn, seriously impacted the contents of subsequent metal fractions in the procedure. Furthermore, the CAB-Cd, -Cu, and -Zn fractions extracted by the buffered acetate solution were in critical problem. That is, the buffered acetate solution dissolved not only CAB-metals but also metals that bound or occupied to subsequent fractions, especially OXD-metal fraction, in both calcareous and non-calcareous soils. The erratic results of CAB-fraction also seriously impacted the amounts of subsequent metal fractions. Therefore, the conventional sequential extraction should be reconsidered theoretically and experimentally to quantify the target metal fractions or might be progressively discarded.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.163-168
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• 1971

Neutral protease which was obtained from a genus of Aspergilli as the crystal form were investigated for their purification and properties. The results of biochemical and enzymatic studies for their purification and properties in this enzyme were as follows. 1) On the wheat media containing 70%-water and $CaCo_{3}$, Aspergilus oryzae S.H.W. 131 is satisfactorily grown under the basic optimum conditions temperature $27^{\circ}C$- $30^{\circ}C$at relative humidity 100% for three days. 2) The enzyme solution extracted with water is successively purified through the passing on column of Asmti-177N for decolorization of it. And ion exchanger such as DEAAE Sphadex A-50 or Shepadex G-100 and fraction collector is necessary for the sepearte treatments of this enzyme. After washing it with organic solvents as aceton-EtOH, etc., it should be dried on the vacuum dryer at $40^{\circ}C$) The protease activity is determined by the amounts of amino acids, tyrosine. 4) The optimum pH of neutral protease is 6.0-8.0. 5) In effectively decomposing with this neutral protease, the optimum temperature is $35^{\circ}C$. 6) It is interesting that the amounts of metal ion affects the activity of neutral protease. For examples, if it were treated with manganic ion, its activity would be more effective than any other that.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.3371-3376
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• 2015

Pigmented rice bran has been suggested to be a valuable source of beneficial phytochemicals. We investigated genotoxic and anti-genotoxic effects of purple rice bran extract (PRBE) in rats using a liver micronucleus assay. Purple rice bran was extracted with methanol, obtaining large amounts of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins and small amounts of gamma-oryzanol. The experimental protocols were divided into two sets. Male rats were divided into three groups. Group 1 was a negative control, while Groups 2 and 3 were fed with 100 and 500 mg/kg bw of PRBE, respectively, for 28 days. PRBE had no effect on micronucleus formation or xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in rat liver. Experiments concerning the effect of PRBE on $AFB_1$ showed that PRBE significantly lessened the amount of micronucleated hepatocytes in $AFB_1$ treated rats. Furthermore, it modulated metabolic activation of $AFB_1$ metabolism in the liver by suppressing activity and protein expression of CYP1A2, CYP3A and CYP 450 reductase, and enhancing phase II enzymes including GST and UGT. Overall, purple rice bran extract was not genotoxic in rats. It exhibited anti-genotoxicity by modulation some xenobiotic enzymes active in $AFB_1$ metabolism.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.12-15
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• 2011

The Korean government has regulated emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in waste water of manufacturing facilities producing chlorinated compounds since 2009. As this regulation is expected to be reinforced in 2013 to 50 pg I-TEQ/L, a large sample volume is required for the analysis of trace amounts of PCDD/Fs in waste water. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is used to extract PCDD/Fs from aqueous samples; however, its low efficiency makes it inadequate for analyzing large sample volumes. Herein, we present a disk-type solid-phase extraction (SPE) method for the analysis of dioxin at a part per quadrillion level in waste water. This SPE system contains airtight glass covers with a decompression pump, which enables continuous semi-automated extraction. Small (0.5 L) and large (7 L) samples were extracted using LLE and SPE methods, respectively. The method detection limits (MDLs) were 0.001.0.25 and 0.015.4.1 pg I-TEQ/L for the SPE and LLE methods, respectively. The concentrations of detected congeners with both methods were similar. However, the concentrations of several congeners that were not detected with the LLE method were quantified using the SPE method.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.821-827
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• 2018

Ecklonia cava which is a kind of phaeophyta and belongs to Laminariales Alariaceae is a perennial seaweed distributed over Jeju and Dokdo islands. The purpose of this study evaluate antioxidant activities of Ecklonia cava crackers. Crackers were prepared with different measurements (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 g) of Ecklonia cava; indicated as S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5, and are used to examine and compare antioxidant activities, and quality characteristics. Ecklonia cava powder was used, after being extracted with 70% ethanol in hot water and done in freeze dehydration. To examine antioxidant activities of Ecklonia cava and cracker, DPPH radical scavenging activity, total phenolic and reducing power were tested. Total phenolic content was 36.86 mg GAE/g. DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power showed good vitality as amounts of Ecklonia cava powder increased (p<0.001). pH level decreased as amounts of power increased. L (lightness) values and b (yellowness) values decreased with an increased concentration of Ecklonia cava powder (p<0.001), whereas (redness) values didn't show tendency. S5 indicated the lowest spreadness. According to sensory evaluation, S4 (6 g) was preferred the most in terms of color, flavor, taste, appearance, texture, and overall palatability. Results suggest that Ecklonia cava powder has antioxidant effect and is useful as a functional food resource.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.113-120
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• 1964

The critical examination of the spectrophotometric method for determining microgram quantities of phosphate by the n-butyl acetate extraction as molybdophosphoric acid and subsequent development of the molybdenum blue has been made. In this procedure from 2 to 8 ${\mu}g$. of phosphate-phosphorus can be determined under optimum conditions. The final concentration of ammonium molybdate and the final acidity of perchloric acid for the formation of heteropoly acid are suitable to be ranges of 0.5 to 1.1% and 0. 5 to 1. 1 N respectively, and subsequently extracted with 10 ml. of n-butyl acetate. The extract is developed to molybdenum blue with 5.0 ml. of 1. 3% stannous chloride in 1N hydrochloric acid. The color is stable for at least one hour in the use of perchloric acid for the condensation. In order to determination of submicrogram amounts of phosphate, the sensitivity of the molybdenum blue method is hardly sufficient, a sensitive and stable molybdenum(V)-thiocyanate complex method has been investigated. By the procedure less than 1.2 ${\mu}g$. of phosphate-phosphorus can be determined with an accuracy of less than 5% the relative error. The molybdenum(Ⅵ) extracted by the above procedure is reduced to molybdenum(V) in the extract directly with a solution of 4 to 10% of stannous chloride, 0.5 to 1.5 mM of copper, and 0.1 to 0.9 N of perchloric acid as final concentration in 4.3 to 6.3 N of hydrochloric acid or 9.0 to 13.0 N of sulfuric acid by heating for one minute in boiling water, after cooling, the molybdenum(V)-thiocyanate complex color is developed by adding 6.0 M ammonium thiocyanate solution making the final concentration to be in a range of 0.4 to 0.9 M. This procedure the very sensitive, reliable, and stable can be applied to determining submicrogram amounts of phosphate in natural waters with a precision of 1.6 ${\times}\;10^{-2}$ the standard deviation as absorbance.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.347-361
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• 1997

The present study investigates the effects of DFDB graft combined with Calcium sulfate membrane on the periodontal wound healing in dehiscence defects of dogs. Following the initiation of general anesthesia by I.V. administration of 30mg/kg of pentobarbital, first premolar was extracted and full-thickness flap was elevated from the second to the fourth premolar. The portion of premolars coronal to the alveolar crest was removed and mesial and distal roots separated to produce single rooted teeth. Exposed root canals were sealed with Caviton and covered completely with flaps sutured. Following the healing period of 12 weeks, the surgical sites were uncovered and $4{\times}4mm$ dehiscence defects were surgically created. Those defects with DFDB graft combined with Calcium sulfate membrane following root planing, were designated as test sites and those with flap surgery-only were designated as controls. 1. No foreign-body reaction or inflammation were observed in either groups. Calcium sulfate was completely resorbed in the test sites. 2. Significantly greater amounts of new cementum was observed in test sites compared with the controls. Significant amounts of functionally orientated collagens were observed in the test sites. 3. New bone formation was observed in significantly greater amounts in test sites. The results suggest that combined graft of DFDB and calcium sulfate is extremely biocompatible with a potential for new bone and cementum formation, and functional alignment of periodontal ligaments.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.619-624
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• 2002

To enhance the nutritional quality of the Soboru bread, a dietary fibers extracted from Kombu was added into wheat flour in the amounts of 0, 1, 3, and 5% and the quality of the baked products was characterized. The inherent water holding capacity of the added dietary fibers raised weight of the bread while specific volume and density values were decreased at the same time. Increasing the amount of dietary fiber resulted in the decreased setback time of the raw materials in amylogram. The lower textural hardness of the dietary fiber-enriched bread after one-day storage at room temperature could be attributed to the retarded retrogradation of the starch. Darkened surface of the bread as indicated by the Hunter colorimetric values and the accompanied change in flavor did not significantly influence the sensory evaluation of the products. Judging from texture, taste and overall acceptability of the product, recommended substitution level for the dietary fiber in Soboru bread was 3% or less. Increased intake of the dietary fibers, accompained with more use of seaweed, was expected through the suggested functional bread.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.579-590
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• 2004

This research was aimed to investigate and compare the effectiveness of TLC and GC-MS methods in the analysis of chromophoric substances extracted from madder plant. Alizarin and purpurin 0.3% solution were used as comparative standards; madder extraction was prepared by heating the solution of powdered madder at 80℃, pH 1.5, for 90 min. Best elution solvent for TLC in silica gel plate was toluene:ethyl acetate=9:1, which resulted in red and yellow spots from madder extraction each of which showed R/sub f/ values 0.32-0.43 and 0.07-0.11. Although the red spot in particular exhibited similar characteristics as standard purpurin in color, shape, and R/sub f/ values, the result was inconsistent throughout different TLC trials. GC-MS analysis showed only small amount of alizarin and no purpurin in the madder extraction. Other chromophoric substance such as 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-, anthralin, and danthron were also detected in small amounts. The result indicated that TLC was less sensitive to detecting and identifying the natural dyestuff which is generally constituted with a number of similar but chemically different chromophoric substances.