• KIEAE Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2009

Today the realization of a welfare society is urgently needed as growing of economy. To promptly meet the needs of the times, the ratio of a matriculation of the physically disabled is getting higher, stretching opportunities of a higher education. But, the walk environment in university educational facilities is still insufficient because of the indifference to the education of the physically disabled. The purpose of this research is to suggest the direction to improve the walk environment for all users through evaluation of the accessibility of the walk environment in university educational facilities, and the scope of the research is the internal and external walk environment of university educational facilities. The first step of the research is preparatory study review to extract the elements of the accessibility of the Universal Design Principles. And then, we evaluate the accessibility of university educational facilities through the site visits. The results of this research are as following: 1) The internal and external walk environment of university educational facilities needs more physical improvement for keeping accessibility. 2) We need to provide consistent guidances from the external sidewalks to main entrances, slopes, staircases, elevators, and corridors. 3) The walk environment of university educational facilities needs to maintain continuously.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.449-457
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• 2022

The Port of Busan is currently ranked as the seventh largest container port worldwide in terms of cargo throughput. However, port competition in the Far-East region is fierce. The growth rate of container throughput handled by the port of Busan has recently slowed down. In this study, we analyzed how economic conditions and multiple external shocks could influence cargo throughput and identified potential implications for port business. The aim of this study was to build a model to accurately forecast port throughput using the ARIMA model, which could incorporate external socio-economic shocks, and the VEC model considering causal variables having long-term effects on transshipment cargo. Findings of this study suggest that there are three main areas affecting container throughput in the port of Busan, namely the Russia-Ukraine war, the increased competition for transshipment cargo of Chinese ports, and the weaker growth rate of the Korean economy. Based on the forecast, in order for the Port of the Port of Busan to continue to grow as a logistics hub in Northeast-Asia, policy intervention is necessary to diversify the demand for transshipment cargo and maximize benefits of planned infrastructural investments.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.179-192
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• 2024

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of entrepreneurial experience, business model innovation and financing on new venture performance. Design/methodology/approach - This study analyzes survey data on new ventures in Korea and investigated research hypothesis by multiple regression analysis. Findings - Founders' prior startup experience have different impacts on performance depending on whether they had a successful or failed startup. Successful experience has a positive impact on early performance, while failure experience has a negative impact. Business model innovation shows a positive and significant relationship with early performance. External financing has different effects depending on the type of funding source and performance variables. VC funding is positively related to employment creation, while government R&D funding is negatively related to sales volume. Research implications or Originality - This study confirms that the impact of entrepreneurial experience on early performance varies depending on the characteristics of successful and unsuccessful entrepreneurs. It also empirically confirms that business model innovation has a significant impact on early performance. We empirically examine the relationship between various external financing sources of venture firms and early performance. Since the effects of entrepreneurial experience, business model innovation, and external financing on early stage performance may be different, entrepreneurs should consider these relationships when pursuing early stage business opportunities.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1041-1066
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• 2012

This article aims to analyse the change factor of the industry in rural area. As the regional economy is consist of variety industry in local Revitalization of Rural Economy should consider the growth factor of industry. Analytical method is Shift-Share analysis, analysis data is used GRDP of the 5 target area. Analysis is showed that Agriculture, forestry and fishing is leading position. but Farm population decreased rapidly underway. Side work farmer and industry population is increasing rapidly. the Regional Economic growth inhibitory of 5 Gun is the weakness of the internal factor. especially Competition component is than industry-Mixed component. and the Growth of Agriculture, forestry and fishing is external factor. To improve the regional economy, 5 Gun must improve the fault. and the growth of Agriculture, forestry and fishing should promote the consumption of local products to as the local food system.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.51-70
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• 2021

The study aims to evaluate changes in textiles for automotive interior and suggest directions that the textile-development should take in order to achieve sustainability, and enter a circular economy system in the future. The main content and results of the study are as follows: First, we cover the overall sustainability study in the fashion and textile fields; in particular, the certification system is well established through the provision of information on the whereabouts of products to consumers and verification by external environmental auditors. Second, we considered the criteria of C2C in order to derive the necessary criteria for sustainability certification in the field of textiles. Third, we looked at the latest development trends of textile materials for automobile interiors which were divided into three categories: natural originated materials, circular economic consideration materials, and functional supplementary lightweight materials. In addition, we identified to what extent the trend of changes aggregated in the examples was satisfied and what was lacking when applied to the Basic criterion of C2C. As such, this study links and applies the sustainability criteria pursued in the fashion and textile fields to the textile for automotive interior materials, suggesting a direction for the textile field for automotive internal materials in the future. Based on the results of this study, it is hoped that studies on textiles for automotive interior considering the net economy will continue, and practical development in the industry will be realized.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.295-310
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• 2010

This study measured college students' levels of satisfaction with their cyber learning through an online survey of students who had taken one or more cyber learning before. 500 returned and usable questionnaires were analyzed and SPSS WIN 12.0 was used for the descriptive statistics, t-test, factor analysis and analysis of covariance structures. The results are as follows; First, college students were very interested in their cyber learning. Their decision to take the cyber learning was initiated more by emotional motives (m=3.13) than by rational motives (m=3.35). Second, the consumers' expectations for the cyber learning were divided into the 'Expectation for service quality' and the 'Expectation for economy,' and their 'Expectation for economy'(m=4.02) was higher than their 'Expectations for service quality'(m=3.60). Third, the consumers' expectations for the cyber learning and the results of the cyber learning were analyzed, and a discrepancy between these two were also analyzed. The analysis of discrepancy between the two showed that the average of the results was lower than that of the expectations, which means that the cyber learning did not meet the consumers' expectations in every aspect, However, the average satisfaction level was 3.20, which means consumers were satisfied with the cyber learning overall. Fourth, causes of dissatisfaction with the cyber learning were divided into internal factors due to personal matters and external factors due to classes and other factors. It was found that dissatisfaction due to internal factors was greater than that due to external factors. Lastly, the factors affecting satisfaction/dissatisfaction with the cyber learning and willingness to use it again were analyzed. The results showed that the motive for its use affected the formation of expectation but it did not affect the results. Satisfaction with the cyber learning affected the willingness to use it again positively. However, the effect of dissatisfaction on the willingness to use it again was not statistically significant.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.146-168
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• 1995

problems involved in defining and identifying it. However, data on ownership of business establishments may be useful and one of the best alternatives for this empirical research because of use of limited information about control This study examines the spatial patterns of external control in the Korean manufacturing activities between 1986 and 1992. Using the data on ownership iinkages of multilocational firms between 15 administrative areas, it was possible to construct a matrix of organizational control in terms of the number of establishments. The control matrix was disaggregated by three types of manufacturing industries according to the capital and labor requirements of production processes used in. On the basis of the disaggregated control matrix, a series of measures were calculated for investigating the magnitude and direction of control as well as the external dependency. In the past decades Korean industrialization development has risen at a rapid pace, deepening integration into the world economy, together with the continuing growth of the large industrial firms. The expanded scale of large firms led to a spatial separation of production from control, Increasing branch plants in the nation. But recent important changes have occurred in the spatial organization of production by technological development, increasing international competition, and changing local labor markets. These changes have forced firms to reorganize their production structures, resulting in changes of the organizational structures in certain industries and regions. In this context the empirical analysis revealed the following principal trends. In general term, the geography of corporate control in Korea is marked by a twofold pattern of concentration and dispersion. The dominance of Seoul as a major command and control center has been evident over the period, though its overall share of allexternally controlled establishments has decreased from 88% to 79%. And the substantial amount of external control from Seoul has concentrated to the Kyongki and Southeast regions which are well-developed industrial areas. But Seoul's corporate ownership links tend to streteh across the country to the less-developed regions, most of which have shown a significant increase of external dependency during the period 1986-1992. At the same time, a geographic dispersion of corporate control is taking place as Kyongki province and Pusan are developing as new increasingly important command and control reaions. Though these two resions contain a number of branch plants controlled from other locations, they may be increasingly attractive as a headquarters location with increasing locally owned establishments. The geographical patterns of external control observable in each of three types of manufacturing industries were examined in order to distinguish the changing spatial structures of organizational control with respect to the characteristics of the production processes. Labor intensive manufacturing with unskilled iabor experienced the strongest external pressure from foreign competition and a lack of low cost labor. The high pressure expected not only to disinte-grate the production process but also led to location of production facilities in areas of cheap labor. The linkages of control between Seoul and the less-developed regions have slightly increased, while the external dependency of the industrialized regions might be reduced from the tendency of organizational disintegration. Capita1 intensive manufacturing operates under high entry and exit barriers due to capital intensity. The need to increase scale economies ied to an even stronger economic and spatial oncentration of control. The strong geographical oncentration of control might be influenced by orporate and organizational scale economies rather than by locational advantages. Other sectors experience with respect to branch plants of multilocational firms. The policy implications of the increase of external dependency in less-developed regions may be negative because of the very share of unskilled workers and lack of autonomy in decision making. The strong growth of the national economy and a scarcity of labor in core areas have been important factors in this regional decentralization of industries to less-developed regions. But the rather gloomy prospects of the economic growth in the near future could prevent the further industrialization of less-developed areas. A major rethinking of regional policy would have to take place towards a need for a regional policy actively favoring indigenous establishments.

• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2021

Objective : This study is to know how the internal and external control of the elderly in care facilities affect the relational aggression's perception. Methods : I analyzed the internal and external control and the relational aggression's perception through a survey of the elderly in care facilities. For data collection, 148 of 165 questionnaires, excluding 17 questionnaires with missing questionnaire and middle-level abandonment, were used for the final analysis. Independent variables were the internal and external control, dependent variables were the relational aggression of negative and bullying behaviors, and controlled variables were general sociological characteristics of the elderly. Results : The results were as follows: First, there was a significant difference internal and external control depending on the length of a care facility. Second, there were significant differences in the recognition of relational aggression depending on the level of education, the period of admission, the presence of spouses, and the level of economy. Third, there was a significant difference in comparison of relational aggression perceptions according to internal and external control. Fourth, internal and external control affected the recognition of relational aggression. Conclusion : According to the demographic characteristics, there was a difference in the internal and external control and relational aggression perception of the elderly living in the facilities, and the internal and external control affected the level of relational aggression perception of the elderly in the facilities.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.157-183
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• 2005

Using a multi-sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model, we investigate the dynamic effects of a variety of shocks to a small open economy. In particular, we calibrate the model to match the main characteristics of business cycles in Korea and analyze the effects of external shocks: the terms of trade and world real interest rate shocks. Business cycles in Korea more closely follow those of the G7 countries rather than Asian countries. The simulation results suggest that an improvement in the terms of trade has positive impact on investment, output and consumption, while a decrease in the world interest rate has a significant and positive effect on investment. This paper concludes that external shocks significantly influence business cycle fluctuations in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.6
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• pp.785-790
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• 2010

The paper aims to estimate the external effects of mountaineering on medical expenses within national economy. Though there is no difference in the participation ratio of mountaineering among sexes or income levels, the ratio of the elderly is higher than that of younger. The medical expenses have negative correlation with mountain climbing times and climbing frequencies, but this correlation is insignificant statistically. Without mountaineering, the medical expenses of Korea would increase by 2.8 trillion Won (4.6%). Therefore the policy to support usual mountaineering must save the medical expenses more than other policies. and the increase of public expenditure on mountaineering can decrease the deficit of government budget through the positive external effects on national medical expenses.