• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.377-383
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• 2018

Objective: This study was performed to investigate the effects of external tooth bleaching with flouridation on the appearance of white spot lesions (WSLs) in vitro. Methods: In total, 125 bracket-bonded bovine incisor enamel blocks with artificial WSLs were randomly divided into a control group and four treatment groups (home bleaching, home bleaching + fluoridation, in-office bleaching, and in-office bleaching + fluoridation). A spectroradiometer (SR) and digital images (DIs) were used to evaluate colorimetric parameters (Commission Internationale l'Eclairage $L^*a^*b^*$) for all specimens. Color measurements were obtained before WSL formation (T1), after WSL formation (T2), and after completion of the external tooth bleaching treatment (T3). Results: The SRbased color change after bleaching was significantly greater in the treatment groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). SR-based lightness ($L^*$) and redgreen ($a^*$) values were significantly higher at T2 than at T1 (p < 0.001), with no significant changes in yellow-blue ($b^*$) values. At T3, SR-based $L^*$ values had increased while $a^*$ and $b^*$ values had decreased in the treatment groups (p < 0.001). The DI-based color difference between the sound enamel and WSL areas (DE*DI) increased significantly from T1 to T2 in all groups (p < 0.001) and significantly decreased from T2 to T3 in the treatment groups (p < 0.001). No significant differences in ${\Delta}E^*DI$ at T3 were shown between the four treatment groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggested that external tooth bleaching with fluoridation can alleviate the conspicuity of WSLs.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.852-862
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• 2007

This study was to investigate the physical properties and the external characteristics of denim fabrics(100% cotton non-spun denim, 98% cotton/2% polyurethane spun denim) such as tensile strength, thickness and weight, flex stiffness, surface color and shrinkage. The results of the study were as follows. After examining the change of external characteristics of before and after washing finishing for denim fabrics, denim with bio washing had increased pliability compared to denim without washing finishing but the pliability of the denim did not increase according to the intensity or frequency of washing. The luminance change according to washing finishing was high in the order of bio stone bleach washing, bio stone washing, bio washing and denim without washing finishing and the surface color became brighter in accordance with the increase of intensity and frequency of washing finishing.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.339-346
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• 2002

This study analyzed the works, introduced in the collections of Yohji Yamamoto in an aim to identify traditional aesthetic and design concepts. As the data to study the concept and expression of the designer, fashion photographs were gathered in a focus on collections since 1990's. The traditional aesthetic expressed in the works of Yohji Yamamoto were characterized by the external aesthetics and the internal aesthetics. The traditional aesthetic of external aesthetics were classified into the plasticity and the wearing, and those of internal aesthetics were divided into the moderation, expertness and aesthetic exclusion. The plasticity was extracted into line, form and color. The wearing was presented artist of purpose through the mutual text. The moderation was based on the moral goodness and the aesthetical beauty. The expertness represented the fitting method and mutual reaction of color. through the natural beauty. The aesthetic exclusion was expressed through simplicity, loftiness, and unbalance.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.33-53
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• 2003

A Study on the color comparison of Korean Saek-dong and Italian futurist fashion It is generally recognized that the color scheme and its characteristics as a product of living culture are strongly reflected in clothing. This study concentrates on the color comparison of Korean Saek-dong which has been used in traditional Korean clothing and Italian futurist fashion which showed dynamic characteristics and brilliant colors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the external format, emotions, functions and meanings of the colors in Korean Saek-dong and Futurist fashion, and to find similarities and differences between them. The results of the study are as follows. The similarities between them are harmony of vivid colors like a rainbow, no-use of black color and expression of rhythm through repeated geometrical shapes. They have been used as festive costumes and have implied meaning of happiness and pleasure. The differences, in the external formats, are as follows. Korean Saek-dong has striped patterns including the color white, and has regular distances among the stripes. But, Futurist fashion includes luminous or fluorescent colors and metallic colors. In addition, it has repeated motifs of geometrical shapes and geometrically divided areas. While Saek-dong expresses Sangsaeng through the conceptual use of color, Futurist fashion shows simultaneity, speed and dynamics through spiritual functions of crossing and inter-penetration. In emotional aspect, Saek-dong expresses pleasure of children's mind and Futurist fashion expresses pleasure of city. In functional aspect, Saek-dons expresses a concept of ceremonial beauty, which is spiritual and symbolizes good auspices, holiness and sorcery. So it is used for ceremonial costume. But, Futurist fashion reflects the harmony of colors created from modem and urban images and shows the willingness and emotion of solving futuristic avant-garde, modernity, dynamics, transformation and bellicosity. So it is used for daywear. While Saek-dong represents succession of tradition, Futurist fashion represents resistance of tradition in cultural aspects.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.372-383
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• 1995

The staining tendency of esthetic restorative material was very important factor for the people who are great concern about the esthetics. Most external stains were superficial and adjustable by routine prophylactic procedure. But some of these stains were remained under superficial stain. Some of these stains were accumulative on external tooth surface and it's removal alter the anatomic contour of restoration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the staining tendency of esthetic restorative materials to staining solution. In this study two glass-ionomer cements (Fuji II Glass-Ionomer Cement and Fuji II LC Glass-Ionomer Cement) and three composite resins (Sil$\ddot{u}$x Plus, APH and P-50) were evaluated and compared. Total 8 disc-shaped specimens of each material (17mm diameter, Imm thick) were immersed in coffee staining solution. These specimens were divided into one control and 3 experimental groups according to the immersion period as follows : Control: immersed in distilled water during each testing period Group 1 : immersed in staining solution for 6 hours Group 2 : immersed in staining solution for 24 hours Group 3 : immersed in staining solution for 72 hours Staining tendency was evaluated by total color difference(${\Delta}E^*$) of specimen before and after staining by spectorcolorimeteric readings (ColorQUEST Spectrophotometer, U.SA.). The results were as follows : 1. The total color differences of each testing materials were increased with time. 2. Among the experimental groups, the Fuji II Glass Ionomer Cement showed the highest total color difference(6.803) and the Silux Plus showed the lowest total color difference(1.637). 3. In comparison of glass ionomer cements, the total color difference of chemical cured glass ionomer cements(6.803) were higher than light cured glass ionomer cements(3.891) (P<0.01). 4. In comparison of composite resins, the P-50 showed the highest total color difference and the Silux Plus showed the lowest total color difference, but there was not significant difference among composite resins(P>0.05).

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.344-356
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long term tooth-brushing effect on the color change of specially treated IPS Empress porcelain surface. Staining techique with blue stain and liquid was used. The surfaces of the specimen were treated with 5% and 10% Hydrofluoric acid, 50mm and 250mm alumina sandblast, and then blue stain and liquid were used for external stain. After 29,200, 58,400, 87,600, 116,200 brushing strokes (equivalent to 2, 4, 6, 8 years each), color changes of the stained layer were measured with spectrophotometer(CM-3500d, MINOLTA, Tolkyo, Japan). The result of this study was obtained as follows : 1. The color changes were great after 29,200 tooth brushing strokes in every group, but from 29,200 strokes to 116,800 strokes, there were no significant color changes in each group. (p>0.05) 2. The greastest color changes were observed in 5% HF treated group and the least color changes were observed in $50{\mu}m$ aluminar sandblast treated group in every stroke (p<0.05), but no statistical difference between groups compared with control group (p>0.05). According to these results, pretreatment of I.P.S. Empress porcelain with alumina sandblast improved the color stability It is thought that about 8 year-tooth brushing strokes does not change the color of IPS Empress porcelain significantly on this condition, but long term follow-up will be needed.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.13
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• pp.8.1-8.1
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• 1988

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11b
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• pp.388-395
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• 2000

This study was performed to examine the effects of infrared (IR)/heated-air combination drying on some quality attributes of Korean white ginsengs. Ginseng roots were dried in a dryer where both the far infrared ray and heated-air are available as drying energy sources. Diametral shrinkage, external color, total saponin content, and ginsenosides and free sugar composition of the IR/heated-air combination dried ginsengs were measured and compared with those of commercial white ginseng products. The external color became lower in lightness and higher in saturation as the IR radiating plate temperature increased. IR/heated-air combination dried white ginsengs at IR plate temperature of 100$^{\circ}C$ was comparable to the commercial white ginseng products in color characteristics. Diametral shrinkage ratios ranged from 20 to 36% and appeared to be independent on the different drying methods. No definite evidence could be found whether the IR/heated-air combination drying and the conventional. hot-air drying practice resulted in white ginsengs having different ginsenoside contents and compositions. No conclusion could be made on whether the various drying treatments used in the study had effects on the free sugar contents and compositions of white ginsengs.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2006

The Following is a list of specific external and internal morphology of Rheum palmatum L. and R. undulatum L. in Rhei Rhizoma. 1. For the original plants of Rhei Rhizoma in the literatures. 18 plants are reported. 2. The external characteristics of original plant : R. palmatum has a large palmate leaf, its petiole of radical leaf has a simple bristle and its flower is purple and pink color. Whereas R. undulatum has a medium ovate leaf, its petiole of radical leaf is purphish, its stem leaf surrounds a half of stem and its flower is yellowish white color. 3. The character of herbal states : a. diameter and size-- R. palmaum is bigger and heavier than R. undulatum. b. in section--R. palmatum is dark brown color, R. undulatum is bright brown color Fibrovascular bundle is arranged in circle shape in R. patmatum. R. undulatum shows a distingushed wheel shape. 4. The internal characteristics : R. palmatum has a large intercellular space of cork layer, its cambium is clear and a xylem medullary ray is comparatively tight, Whereas R. undulatum has a tight intercettular space of cork layer., its cambium is a few clear and xylem medullary ray is verty tight. As these results, additional study is required to distinguish herbs and their effect among many kinds of same genus-degree of relatedness.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.65-73
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• 1985

More than 1,000 chickens of Korean native Yeonsan Ogolgye (Natural Monument No. 256) were used in this study in order to investigate their various external characteristics. The aims of this study were to define the Ogolgye chicken as a breed, and to provide basal data necessary for the genetic improvement of this breed. The investigated items are as follows : color of feather and toe; presense or absence of shank feather; the number of toes: color of shank and comb; the growth rates of shank, comb and feathers in various feather tracts; and finally, the livability. Data and informations were presented in tabular form in table 1 through 12. In summary, the various external traits of the Korean native Ogolgye breed can be characterized as follows. It has normal feather than silkic one as in the western type, with black color per-dominant. The frquency of white feather color is very low. The color of toes is devided into two categories; black toes in black plumage lines, and white toes in white plumage lines. Both seres have single combs with black color. The shank is gray- black and featherless. The breed has normally four toes. The eye color is black.