• Journal of architectural history
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.7-22
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• 2013

The purpose of this paper is to study on the spatial characteristics from the "The Holy Trinity" fresco painted by Masaccio in the early Renaissance paintings. The results of this study are as follows. 1. The elevation composition of the "The Holy Trinity" fresco is divided into the upper and lower structure through horizontal axis on horizontal line around vanishing point. The upper structure is composed of vertical axis formed through the disposition of the "Trinity" elements and horizontal axis on horizontal line. The lower structure is composed of the sarcophagus and skeleton in such inside and the altar supported through circular columns of left and right. 2. The section composition of the "The Holy Trinity" fresco is composed of the ceiling structure of cylindrical-shaped vault on upper part around basic square floor plan that is interior space and upper structure. The exterior space and lower structure is placed with sarcophagus in inner part that altar and step is projected as same height and width in the outside direction. 3. The basic floor composition of the "The Holy Trinity" fresco is planned by square shape around structural columns that is placed at corners as symmetry through transverse, longitudinal and diagonal axis. The whole floor composition planned through the altar and step that is in exterior space at front, the apse of round form at rear part and the structure of the middle story concept at interior. 4. The visual aspect of the "The Holy Trinity" fresco is composed of the stable balance in relation with distance and height because the interior and exterior space as well as the upper structure and lower structure is formed by regular proportion system. The elevation angle of visual range was planned to view in detail generally or partially the architectural composition system and element, characters through proper visual distance, center and position.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.223-233
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• 2008

In the mid 90's, the U.S. government released images acquired by the first generation of photo reconnaissance satellite missions between 1960 and 1972. The Declassified Intelligent Satellite Photographs (DISP) from the Corona mission are of high quality with an astounding ground resolution of about 2 m. The KH-4A panoramic camera system employed a scan angle of $70^{\circ}$ that produces film strips with a dimension of $55\;mm\;{\times}\;757\;mm$. Since GPS/INS did not exist at the time of data acquisition, the exterior orientation must be established in the traditional way by using control information and the interior orientation of the camera. Detailed information about the camera is not available, however. For reconstructing points in object space from DISP imagery to an accuracy that is comparable to high resolution (a few meters), a precise camera model is essential. This paper is concerned with the derivation of a rigorous mathematical model for the KH-4A/B panoramic camera. The proposed model is compared with generic sensor models, such as affine transformation and rational functions. The paper concludes with experimental results concerning the precision of reconstructed points in object space. The rigorous mathematical panoramic camera model for the KH-4A camera system is based on extended collinearity equations assuming that the satellite trajectory during one scan is smooth and the attitude remains unchanged. As a result, the collinearity equations express the perspective center as a function of the scan time. With the known satellite velocity this will translate into a shift along-track. Therefore, the exterior orientation contains seven parameters to be estimated. The reconstruction of object points can now be performed with the exterior orientation parameters, either by intersecting bundle rays with a known surface or by using the stereoscopic KH-4A arrangement with fore and aft cameras mounted an angle of $30^{\circ}$.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.105-118
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• 2021

Objectives : The process of disease treatment in traditional medicine is defined as differentiating patterns and determining treatment. As an important part of this process, the herbal formulas are specific combinations or configurations of medicinal herbs that serve as tools for treatment. As clinical experience increased, the number of herbal formulas also increased. For example, there are 61,739 herbal formulas in Pujifang, and 96,592 in Dictionary of traditional chinese medicine prescriptions. In chapter of Release the exterior syndrome (RES; 解表劑) of textbook, the 42 formulas were presented. For the understanding on the formula, most of books explained with description or figure about the formulas. But there is no study on the interrelationship of each herbal formulas. This study investigated the interrelationship of RES herbal formulas. Methods : The RES herbal formulas were analyzed with the ingredients, actions and clinical applications by literature study. Results : To improve cognition the interrelationship of RES herbal formulas, we analyzed the formulas and established the 19 interrelations of herbal formulas. Conclusions : Finally, this study established the interrelation of herbal formula as one figure. This result could contribute to improve cognition the interrelationship of RES.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.133-137
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• 2011

In this study, a physical and chemical properties analysis was conducted for PCSP to evaluate properties of its materials and, for comparison purpose, was also conducted for CSP. The result of experiment confirmed improvement of iron recovery rate due to introduction of rapid water-cooling equipment and greater density of exterior and interior structure through SEM observation and porosity measurement. Also, SEM, XRD and DSC-TGA analysis showed that content of f-CaO in PCSP was minuscule so it was decided that problems of material stability including f-CaO-caused bulging failure, which has been problematic, can be solved.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2012.04a
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• pp.88-93
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• 2012

Recently data centers are being established or expanded according to IT industry development. A data center must be to install emergency generator. In case of the data center located the densely populated urban area, the operating noise of an emergency generator can be the cause of complains. In this case, in order to establish an effective and economical measure and quantitative and thorough review is needed by noise & vibration specialists. To achieve this, in this study, it is suggested noise reduction measure using noise measurement data and 3D noise analysis method.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.61-70
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• 2009

Architectural color would be understood as a essential tool to be reflected the architect's value criteria, thinking process and the specific methodology. This study was established the characteristics of color use correlated with Eisenman's architectural features based on his point of view. At first, it could be organized with data and use the color in view points with the becomming process. Especially it would be expressed the color as a trace of unsynchronized formation. Second, it was introduced the color by graphics engaged with form, to be expressed the dividing, folding, reiteration for deliver of escape from graphic thinking process. Third, it was analyzed to be imported the color to have a multi-lateral space experience in center of user's space recognition and behavior by introduction of color. Finally, it could be inducted the consistent color by viewpoint of interfacial between interior and exterior environment, communicated with strong meaning by conversion from interior elements to color from these processes. A characteristics of Eisenman's architecture color is reflected his thinking process in architecture color as it is and can be understand of 'becomming process use of color' as a tool that is corresponded in form creation. Specially, it would be kept continuous viewpoint of interior and exterior space, giving user color as a viewpoint of linking space, enable many-sidedness experiences through space.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to analyze the planning characteristics and it's application of container architecture as case study. Field survey was used to analyze the spatial planning characteristics in terms of development outline, appearance, exterior, floor plan and interior of eight famous cases in Berlin, Hamburg, Hannover, Amsterdam and Paris of Europe. The results of this study were as follows; Firstly, good examples of container architectures such as student housing, social service center, temporary medical facility and cruise terminal in Europe suggested the potential of domestic applicability in various purposes and development. Secondly, various types of freight container, building container and module frame system should be developed with their reprocessing environment. Thirdly, it is necessary for us to develop ISO type(20~40ft) container and standard plan with interior and storage design reflecting demands of residents. Finally, the use of container module will be an environmental-friendly alternative for its modularity and reusability, so it should be used as it is without severe deformation. The development of environmental friendly energy sources such as hydro and solar power is necessary for domestic container architecture as well. The container design should include the use of high quality of exterior finishing materials and the plan of aesthetical color planning to make the building a local landmark.

• Journal of the Korea Construction Safety Engineering Association
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• s.41
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• pp.88-101
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• 2007

Recently, the condensation of walls often occurring in domestic high-rise apartment buildings is an important problem. The main purpose of this study is to develop the prediction method for the surface condensation on curtain wall in high-rise apartment buildings. Therefore, in this study, we first analyzed exterior climate factors through the analysis of the Seoul climate data and predicted the change of indoor temperature by using Apache program to find the cause of the condensation state and to prevent condensation. Also, according to this result, exterior climate factors and interior factors, which caused the condensation, was examined. The thermal performance of the curtain wall and the range of potential condensation were analyzed to focus on high-rise apartment buildings through computer simulation programs. The results are as $follows;^1$) The frame edge of curtain wall has a higher U-value than in the center by $30%^2$) Because of stack effect, the rooms on the higher floor have a lower external ventilation rate resulting to a higher relative humidity3) Installing a ventilation system($20m^3$/h. person) makes it possible to have a higher external ventilation rate, resulting to a lower relative humidity.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.38-43
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• 2010

Enhancement of exterior's insulation performance like wall or window etc. is general way for building's energy efficient and thermal performance. But exterior's opening plan is important for minimizing the energy consumption and heat loss. In this paper, energy saving rate will be analyzed and compared considering the window area's rate and window's SC(Shading Coefficient) in a apartment with Building Energy Efficiency Rating System's evaluation tool. In the process of evaluation, energy saving rate is measured at each stage of the window area's rate from 20% to 60% every 10% term and the shading coefficient value from 1.0 to 0.6. As a result of this research, energy saving evaluation could not be measured exactly with existing evaluation tool. Accord this research, Building Energy Rating System's evaluation range is needed to be broaden for exact evaluation of energy saving rate.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.117-120
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• 2001

A 66-year-old man visited author's institute complaining of the swelling on the submandibular gland area. Clinically, the exophytic mass penetrated the skin of the submandibular area. On MRI, the lesion occupied the left submandibular space and extended downward, protruding exterior to the subcutaneous fat layer, but the center of the lesion was located on the side of the skin and the growth exterior to the skin was prominent. Demarcation of the lesion and the submandibular gland was unclear. Histopathologically the epithelial nests and keratin production were seen, then the biopsy result was squamous cell carcinoma. The stroma of lesion showed a myxoid characteristic and some ducts showed metaplasia of the ductal cells, which suggested the gland-origin carcinoma. However, lots of keratin production and carcinomatous change of cells continuous to the normal epithelium of the skin, the skin-origin carcinoma invading into the submandibular gland area could not be excluded.