• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.84-93
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• 2001

연구배경 : 소세포폐암은 항암화학요법과 방사선 치료의 병행 이외에도 수술적 치료, 골수이식 등 환자의 생존율을 개선시킬 가능성이 있는 새로운 치료법이 소개된 이후 전통적인 소세포폐암 분류를 재평가하고자 하는 노력이 시도되고 있다. 저자등은 국한성병기 소세포폐암의 표준 치료인 항암화학요법과 방사선조사 병용치료시 단일 방사선 조사 범위내에서 효과적으로 방사선 치료를 할 수 있는지에 대한 논란의 여지가 많은 쇄골상관절종 침범과 악성흉막삼출의 예후인자로서의 의의를 조사하고자 하였다. 방법 : 1994년 1월부터 1998년 6월까지 계명대학교 및 경북대학교 의과대학 병원에서 조직학적으로 소세포폐암으로 확진된 252명 중 병기판정과 추적 관찰이 가능한 215예를 대상으로 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결과 : 쇄골상관절종의 경우는 전체환자 대상군과 치료 대상군 모두 림프절 침범 음성군이 양성군보다 전체 생존 기간의 중앙값이 긴 경향을 보였으나 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 악성흉흉막삼출의 경우 전체환자 대상군으로 조사시에는 악성흉막삼출 음성군이 양성군보다 전체생존기간의 중앙값이 유의하게 걸었으나 치료 대상군만으로 한정하여 조사하였을 정우에는 양군간의 통계적 유의성이 관찰되지 않았다. 쇄골상관절종과 악성흉막삼출 모두 원격전이와는 관련성이 없었고 병기와 운동수행능력이 독립적으로 생존기간에 영향을 미치는 유의한 예후인자였다. 결론 : 소세포폐암에서 쇄골상관절종 침범 음성군과 악성흉막삼출 음성군이 양성군보다 생존기간이 긴 경향을 보였으나 치료 유무에 상관없이 전체환자군에서 악성흉막삼출 유무에 따른 생존기간의 차이 이외에는 통계적으로 유의한 생존기간의 차이를 보이지 않아서 쇄골상 관찰종 침범과 악성흉막삼출은 예후인자로서의 역할은 적을 것으로 사료되나 더 많은 환자를 대상으로 추가적조사가 필요하리라 생각된다.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.37-51
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• 2012

New generation of tall and complex buildings systems are now introduced that are reflective of the latest development in materials, design, sustainability, construction, and IT technologies. While the complexity in design is being overcome by the availability and advances in structural analysis tools and readily advanced software, the design of these buildings are still reliant on minimum code requirements that yet to be validated in full scale. The involvement of the author in the design and construction planning of Burj Khalifa since its inception until its completion prompted the author to conceptually develop an extensive survey and real-time structural health monitoring program to validate all the fundamental assumptions mad for the design and construction planning of the tower. The Burj Khalifa Project is the tallest structure ever built by man; the tower is 828 meters tall and comprises of 162 floors above grade and 3 basement levels. Early integration of aerodynamic shaping and wind engineering played a major role in the architectural massing and design of this multi-use tower, where mitigating and taming the dynamic wind effects was one of the most important design criteria established at the onset of the project design. Understanding the structural and foundation system behaviors of the tower are the key fundamental drivers for the development and execution of a state-of-the-art survey and structural health monitoring (SHM) programs. Therefore, the focus of this paper is to discuss the execution of the survey and real-time structural health monitoring programs to confirm the structural behavioral response of the tower during construction stage and during its service life; the monitoring programs included 1) monitoring the tower's foundation system, 2) monitoring the foundation settlement, 3) measuring the strains of the tower vertical elements, 4) measuring the wall and column vertical shortening due to elastic, shrinkage and creep effects, 5) measuring the lateral displacement of the tower under its own gravity loads (including asymmetrical effects) resulting from immediate elastic and long term creep effects, 6) measuring the building lateral movements and dynamic characteristic in real time during construction, 7) measuring the building displacements, accelerations, dynamic characteristics, and structural behavior in real time under building permanent conditions, 8) and monitoring the Pinnacle dynamic behavior and fatigue characteristics. This extensive SHM program has resulted in extensive insight into the structural response of the tower, allowed control the construction process, allowed for the evaluation of the structural response in effective and immediate manner and it allowed for immediate correlation between the measured and the predicted behavior. The survey and SHM programs developed for Burj Khalifa will with no doubt pioneer the use of new survey techniques and the execution of new SHM program concepts as part of the fundamental design of building structures. Moreover, this survey and SHM programs will be benchmarked as a model for the development of future generation of SHM programs for all critical and essential facilities, however, but with much improved devices and technologies, which are now being considered by the author for another tall and complex building development, that is presently under construction.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.578-582
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• 2009

Purpose: In extensive deep burn of the lower limb, due to less amount of soft tissue, bone is easily exposed. When it happens, natural healing or reconstruction with skin graft only is not easy. Local flap is difficult to success, because adjacent skins are burnt or skin grafted tissues. Muscle flap or free flap are also limited and has high failure rate due to deep tissue damage. The authors acquired good outcome by performing one - stage operation on bone exposed soft tissue defect with AlloDerm$^{(R)}$(LifeCell, USA), an acellular dermal matrix producted from cadaveric skin. Methods: We studied 14 bone exposed soft tissue defect patients from March 2002 to March 2009. Average age, sex, cause of burn, location of wound, duration of admission period, and postoperative complications were studied. We removed bony cortex with burring, until conforming pinpoint bone bleeding. Then rehydrated AlloDerm$^{(R)}$(25 / 1000 inches, meshed type) was applicated on wound, and thin split thickness(6 ~ 8 / 1000 inches) skin graft was done at the immediately same operative time. Results: Average age of patients was 53.6 years(25 years ~ 80 years, SD = 16.8), and 13 patients were male(male : female = 13 : 1). Flame burn was the largest number. (Flame burn 6, electric burn 3, contact burn 4, and scalding burn 1). Tibia(8) was the most affected site. (tibia 8, toe 4, malleolus 1, and metatarsal bone 1). Thin STSC with AlloDerm$^{(R)}$ took without additional surgery in 12 of 14 patients. Partial graft loss was shown on four cases. Two cases were small in size under $1{\times}1cm$, easily healed with simple dressing, and other two cases needed additional surgery. But in case of additional surgery, granulation tissue has easily formed, and simple patch graft on AlloDerm$^{(R)}$ was enough. Average duration of admission period of patients without additional surgery was 15 days(13 ~ 19 days). Conclusion: AlloDerm$^{(R)}$ and thin split thickness skin graft give us an advantage in short surgery time and less limitations in donor site than flap surgery. Postoperative scar is less than in conventional skin graft because of more firm restoration of dermal structure with AlloDerm$^{(R)}$. We propose that AlloDerm$^{(R)}$ and thin split thickness skin graft could be a solution to bone exposured soft tissue defects in extensive deep burned patients on lower extremities, especially when adjacent tissue cannot be used for flap due to extensive burn.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.87-100
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• 2009

공공사업에서 사업초기단계의 개략공사비 예측은 발주자에게 향후 공사비에 대한 정보를 제공함으로써 효율적인 예산수립을 가능하게 한다. 하지만 사업초기단계는 획득 가능한 정보량이 부족하기 때문에 상대적으로 정확한 공사비 예측이 어렵다. 현재 국내 발주기관에서 활용하고 있는 도로공사 개략공사비 산정체계는 단순하게 단위길이 당 단가에 도로의 연장을 곱하는 선형적인 모델이기 때문에 공사비 예측에 오차가 크게 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 사업의 진행에 따라 가용정보의 수준이 달라지기 때문에 개략공사비 예측모델에는 이러한 가용정보의 특성이 반영되는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 사업 초기단계를 크게 기획단계와 설계 초기단계의 두 단계로 구분하여 각 단계의 가용정보 수준 및 공사비 예측의 목적을 고려한 개략공사비 산정모델을 제시하였다. 공사비 예측모델의 개발을 위하여 총 143건의 공사 데이터를 수집하여 활용하였으며, 이를 통해 각 단계의 가용정보 수준에 적합한 공사비 영향변수를 도출하였다. 제안된 기획단계 및 설계초기 단계의 개략공사비 산정모델은 검증과정을 통하여 각 단계에서 요구되는 정확도 수준을 확인하였으며, 이러한 가용정보 수준에 입각한 개략공사비 산정모델은 향후 예산 산정업무나 타당성 조사, 노선 대안 비교검토 등에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권18호
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• pp.7533-7537
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• 2014

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cancer type, and the leading cause of death from cancer among women in Israel. The Bedouin-Arab (BA) population in southern Israel is characterized by a high rate of consanguinity, common hereditary disorders, and transition from a semi-nomadic, traditional society to a more sedentary and urbanized society. In this hospital-based study, the demographic and the clinicopathological characteristics of BC in BA were compared with Jewish patients. Materials and Methods: 85 BA patients treated at the Soroka Medical Center, Beer Sheba, during the years 2004-2012, were studied and compared with 180 consecutive Jewish patients treated during the year 2007. Clinicopathological features compared included age, menopausal state, number of births, a history of BC in first-degree relatives, tumor size (T), extent of lymph-node involvement (N), distant metastases (M), stage, grade, estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER/PR), and Her2 status. Types of treatment, relapse rate and site, as well as outcome were also studied. Cox's regression models were applied for studying disease-free, and overall survival. Results: Compared with Jewish patients, BA patients were younger (average age $49{\pm}12$ yrs vs $59{\pm}13$, p<0.001), had a lower rate of BC in first-degree relatives (p<0.001), and a larger number of births ($6{\pm}4.2$ vs $2.5{\pm}1.9$, p<0.001). BA patients had larger tumors (p=0.02), more extensive lymph-node involvement (p=0.002), and more advanced stage (p=0.003). Grade, ER, PR, and Her2 status were similar in the two ethnic groups. Relapse type was most commonly systemic in BA patients (p=0.05), and loco-regional in Jewish patients (p=0.02). Median survival was 63, and 35 months for Jewish and BA patients, respectively (log-rank test, p=0.02). In Cox multivariate analysis, stage and PR status (HR-0.14, p<0.0001; HR-3.11, p=0.046), but not ethnicity, influenced overall survival. Conclusions: BC presents a decade earlier, and with more advanced disease in BA compared with Jewish patients. Biologic parameters including grade, ER, PR, and Her2 status were similar in both groups. Although prognosis was worse in BA than in Jewish patients, it was affected only by stage and PR status, but not by ethnicity.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.330-338
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• 1999

Extensive research has been conducted on effects of drought stress on growth and development of soybean but information is rather restricted on the limited-irrigation system by way of precaution against a long-term drought condition in the future. The experiment for limited-irrigation was conducted in transparent vinyl shelter at Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC), Taiwan in 1997. Two soybean varieties, Hwangkeum and AGS292, improved in Korea and AVRDC, respectively were used for this experiment. The relationships between normalized transpiration rate (NTR) and fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) in both varieties were similar that the NTR was unchanged until FTSW dropped to about 0.5 or 0.6. At FTSW less than those values, NTR declined rapidly. Days required to harvest in both varieties were significantly prolonged at IR6 treatment compared to any other treatments. Daily mean transpiration rate was significantly higher at IR5 treatment, as averaged over varieties. Similarly, water use efficiency was also high at 1R5 treatment. In both varieties, seed yield was the greatest at the IR5 treatment, as compared to any other limited-irrigation treatments, due to the increased seed number and high transpirational water use efficiency. The indices of input water and seed yield for the different limited-irrigation treatments against control indicated that Hwangkeum produced 59.6% or 60.7% of seed yield using 36.1% or 44.9% of input water, as compared to control, by irrigation at only R5 or R6 stages, respectively. The AGS292 produced 56.1% of seed yield with 35.4% of input water of control, when irrigated at R5 stage. The results of this study have elucidated that the limited irrigation at R5 stage in soybean can be minimized yield loss with such small quantity of water under the environment of long-term drought stress and the expected shortage of agricultural water in the future.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.493-498
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• 2004

전통적인 경로 계획기는 로봇의 최적 경로를 찾기 위해 광대한 기하학적 검색을 수행한다. 완전성이 있는 경로계획기는 만약 해가 존재하면 반드시 찾아야 한다. 때문에 많은 검색 시간을 소요하여 해를 찾든지, 아니면 해가 없는 경우에는 없다고 증명을 하여야 함으로 역시 많은 시간을 소요한다. 그러나 인간의 경우는 대부분의 경우에 충돌 회피 경로가 있는지 없는지 빨리 파악할 수 있는 능력을 가지고 있으며, 극단적으로 어려운 문제들을 제외하고는 무둔 경우의 수를 나열하지 않고도 쉽게 해를 찾는다. 본 연구의 목표는 이러한 인간의 사고 능력을 알고리즘화하여, 이동로봇의 운동 경로를 보다 빠르게 찾거나, 아니면 컴퓨터의 계산자원을 낭비하지 않고 일찍이 포기하게 한다. 다각형 환경과 다각형 로봇에 대한 경로계획에, 정량적인 형상 추론과 광대한 기하학적 검색을 결합한 새로운 경로 계획 방법을 제시한다. 제시되어진 알고리즘은 울타리 검증을 통해 해가 없는지를 먼저 검색하고, 만약에 해가 있으면, 정량적인 추론을 통해서 해를 찾고, 그래서 해가 존재하지만 해를 찾을 수 없으면, 완전 검색 알고리즘으로 해를 찾게 된다. 본 연구의 기여는 여러 개의 능률적인 기하학적 검사를 통해, 많은 계산량의 완전 알고리즘을 가능하면 사용하지 않고 해를 찾거나 해가 없음 증명하여, 운동 계획기의 평균 계산량을 최소화한다.

• 의학교육논단
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2008

Purpose : Since PBL was first developed by Howard Barrows at McMaster, it has been adopted as one of the best teaching and learning methods in medical schools throughout the world. However, the educational superiority of PBL relative to traditional approaches is less clear. Given the somewhat extensive resources required for the operation of PBL curriculum, this gives reason for concern. The aim of this study is to review experiences of PBL in other medical schools and learn how to implement PBL in our school. Methods : This study was undertaken in two stages. In the first stage, PBL curricular examples in 7 medical schools (University of Pennsylvania, University of Melbourne, University of Maastricht, McMaster University, Flinders University, Harvard medical school. University of California at L.A.) were collected and summarized. In the second stage, a careful search for articles of journals published since 2000 regarding PBL group assessment, effectiveness of PBL and group facilitation skills was conducted. Results : PBL is generally introduced in a core curriculum in undergraduate medical education. Relating to small group assessment, the perception of students has been well developed. but the current PBL assessment tool needs to be revised, to develop thinking skills of students. The PBL graduates considered themselves as having much better interpersonal skills, better competencies in problem solving and self-directed learning than the non-PBL graduates. Tutors used various techniques to raise awareness, facilitate the group process and direct learning. Conclusions : The following three aspects can be regarded as important in this study. First, to implement PBL in our school more effectively, it might be considered, which curriculum content can be best learned with PBL. Second, to enhance students' thinking skills during PBL, a new assessment tool needs to be developed. Third, tutors' competencies are important to facilitate, group process, so it would be worthwhile including in staff development.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.149-166
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was illumination of the stage costume by applying the study of a subject of human expression, which establishes identity of dramatic characters. This study was conducted by referring a variety of theses, an extensive national and international literature. The color symbolism that is depicted in Shakespeare‘s work manifests the transition period of old days, which was influenced by the Renaissance and the Religious Reformation. And color preferences and the meanings I attach to them in his play, definitely reveal the Middle Ages Christian way of thinking which was obsessively dominated their mind. I also determine that the color preferences and use in Elizabeth Era also distinctively separate the social status, which were also influenced by its social conditions. Besides this, colors that were depicted in Shakespeare's work also shown many similarities from Italian Commedia dell‘arte, which were in vogue all over the Europe. Customary color symbolisms which from natural color experiences were also applied in "The Tempest". "The Tempest" was presented on the first day of November in 1611 for the first time. Following this, many plays and films have been produced in foreign countries and Korea. With an analysis of "The Tempest", costume designs for Miranda and Ferdinanad were illustrated at the end. The costumes for Miranda and Ferdinand were mainly considered to express pure love and vigorous youth of two lovers, symbolizing the image of the theme love, forgiveness, and reconciliation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.121-127
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• 1988

한국전매공사에서 연차별로 제조 포장된 홍상시료를 실온조건(12~$18^{\circ}C$, RH 55~68%)에서 1년에서 9년까지 장기간 저장하면서 갈색화반응의 특성과 항산화효과를 조사하였다. 홍삼의 저장기간이 경괴됨에 따라 갈색도는 뚜렷한 증가 경향을 보였고 pH값은 다소 감소되는 경향이었는데, 이들 변화는 장기저장 홍삼에 있어서 갈색화반응이 촉진되었음을 시사하 준다. 저장 홍삼의 갈색화반응은 유리아미노산과 유리당이 직접 반응하여 촉진되는 마이야르 갈색화반응 초기단게의 경우 보다는 여러 갈색화반응 중간생성물들의 상호반응에 의한 후기단계의 특성이라고 볼 수 있다. 또한 50% 에탄올 추출물 및 물 추출물에 대한 환원활성과 에칠아세테이트 추출물에 대한 항산화효과는 저장기간이 증가됨에 따라 그 활성이 증가되었다. 이들 활성의 증가는 홍삼의 제조 및 저장기간동안 비효소적 반응생성물들의 활성증가에 따른 효과에 기인되는 것으로 생각된다.