• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권7호
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• pp.1920-1926
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• 2010

Yoon et $al.^1$ presented an approximate mathmatical model to describe ammonia removal from an experimental batch reactor system with gaseous headspace. The development of the model was initially based on assuming instantaneous equilibrium between ammonia in the aqueous and gas phases. In the model, a "saturation factor, $\beta$" was defined as a constant and used to check whether the equilibrium assumption was appropriate. The authors used the trends established by the estimated $\beta$ values to conclude that the equilibrium assumption was not valid. The authors presented valuable experimental results obtained using a carefully designed system and the model used to analyze the results accounted for the following effects: speciation of ammonia between $NH_3$ and $NH^+_4$ as a function of pH; temperature dependence of the reactions constants; and air flow rate. In this article, an alternative model based on the exact solution of the governing mass-balance differential equations was developed and used to describe ammonia removal without relying on the use of the saturation factor. The modified model was also extended to mathematically describe the pH dependence of the ammonia removal rate, in addition to accounting for the speciation of ammonia, temperature dependence of reactions constants, and air flow rate. The modified model was used to extend the analysis of the original experimental data presented by Yoon et $al.^1$ and the results matched the theory in an excellent manner.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1119-1126
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• 2007

In this paper, the dynamic stability of a cracked cantilever pipe conveying fluid with tip mass is investigated. The pipe is modelled by the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory in which rotatory inertia and shear deformation effects are ignored. The equation of motion is derived by the energy expressions using extended Hamilton's Principle. The crack section is represented by a local flexibility matrix connecting two undamaged pipe segments. The influence of the crack severity, the position of crack, the mass ratio, and a tip mass on the stability of a cantilever pipe conveying fluid are studied by the numerical method. Besides, the critical flow velocity and the stability maps of the pipe system as a function of mass ratios($\beta$) for the changing each parameter are obtained.

• 융합신호처리학회논문지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.32-40
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• 2010

확장된 네이보어-제르니케 방법을 이용하여 광학계의 동공함수(pupil function)를 추산하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 동공함수로부터 광학계가 가진 파면수차를 복원하고 아울러 동공에 비추어지는 빛의 밝기분포를 분석할 수 있다. 이 방법은 브루-레이 광픽업의 생산현장에 적용하여 실시간으로 광학계의 수차를 복원할 수 있다. 아울러 이 방법이 여러 다른 광학계에 널리 이용될 수 있음을 다양하게 수차를 부여해서 생성한 데이터를 분석하여 검증하였다. 초점영역의 빔 데이터로부터 동공함수를 얻는 역변환의 여러 방법 중에서 수차이론에 근거한 기존의 네이보어-제르니케 방법을 최근에 네덜란드 연구진이 개량한 확장된 네이보어-제르니케(extended Nijboer-Zernike: ENZ) 방법을 제안하였다. ENZ 방법은 초점영역의 3차원 빔 데이터로부터 해석적인 접근을 통하여 동공의 제르니케 계수를 효율적으로 계산해 낸다. 그러나 이 방법에서는 개구수(NA)가 큰 경우에는 근사적인 접근을 하도록 되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 보다 일반적인 상황에서 적용할 수 있는 수치해석 알고리즘을 개발하고, 이를 GUI 환경에서 운용할 수 있는 윈도 기반의 프로그램을 작성하여 생성한 빔 데이터에 적용하여 이 알고리즘의 유효성을 검증하여 13개의 복소 수차인자 $\beta_n^m$이 모든 요소가 0.7까지 분석을 하였고, 아울러 광픽업의 3D 빔 데이터를 실측해서 간섭계로 측정한 데이터와 R=0.98 정도의 상관관계를 가지는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.22-26
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• 1978

($\alpha$$_{x}$, $\alpha$X)와 ($\alpha$$_{Y}$ , $\alpha$Y)를 T$_2$ 공간 X와 Y의 Alexandroff base Compactification이라 할 때 $\alpha$fㆍ$\alpha$$_{x}$=$\alpha$$_{Y}$ f를 만족하는 open이고 연속인 함수 $\alpha$f:$\alpha$X$\longrightarrow$$\alpha$Y가 존재하는 연속함수 f:X$\longrightarrow$Y는 유일한 $\alpha$-extension $\alpha$f를 가지며 Category ABC를 T$_2$ 공간과 위와 같은 연속함수 f들의 Category라고 할 때 open이고 연속인 함수와 Compact space들의 Category는 Category ABC의 epireflective subcategory임을 밝혔다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.125-142
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• 2000

임신초기 말의 태반으로부터 분비되는 융모성성선자극 호르몬 (eCG)은 황체형성 (LH), 난포자극 (FSH) 및 갑상선자극 (TSH) 호르몬과 같이 알파 및 베타 단체의 비공유결합으로 구성되어져 있는 당단백질 호르몬이다. 알파단체의 아미노산 배열은 동물종내에서 동일하지만, 베타단체는 호르몬에 따라 작용의 특이성을 가지고 있다고 알려져 있다. 말의 융모성 성선자극 호르몬은 모체의 자궁내막에 침입한 태아 유래의 융모조직 (자궁내막배)에서 합성ㆍ분비되어진다. eCG 는 당단백칠 호르몬중 탄수화물 함량이 40% 이상으로 가장 많이 함유되어 있으며, 알파단체는 두 개의 N-linked 당쇄첨가 부위 (아미노산 56 및 82번), 베타단체는 13번에 1개의 N -linked 당쇄첨가 부위와 카르복실기 말단부위에 적어도 11개의 O-linked 당쇄첨가 부위를 가지고 있는 것이 특징이다. 또한, eCG 는 다른 동물에 있어서 강력한 난포자극 및 황체형성 호르몬의 기능을 가지고 있는 아주 특이한 호르몬이다. 말의 태반과 뇌하수체 조직으로부터 eCG $\alpha$ 및 $\beta$ 단체와 eFSH $\beta$ 단체의 cDNA를 cloning 하였으며, 각 단체의 mRNA 발현은 태반과 뇌하수체에서 독립적으로 조절되어진다. 따라서, eCG 의 기능 및 수용체에 대한 호르몬의 특이한 작용을 분자생물학, 생화학적인 측면에서 연구하는데 아주 흥미로운 호르몬이다. 왜 eCG 가 이러한 이중활성을 가지고 있는지에 대해서는 아직까지 구체적으로 연구된 바가 없지만, 지금까지의 eCG 연구를 종합하면, eCG 의 알파 및 베타 단체 의 cDNA 의 유전자 구조 (알파단체는 96개 아미노산 ; 베타단체는 149개아미노산) 가 밝혀짐으로서 각각의 당쇄첨가 부위에 대한 기능연구에 박차를 가하게 될 것으로 보인다. 따라서 Site-directed mutagenesis 를 활용 어느 특정부위의 당쇄 수식이 없는 유전자 재조합 eCG 에 대한 연구로 이들 당단백질 호르몬에 대한 생물학적 특성에 대해서 확실하게 밝혀질 것으로 기대하고, 이러한 연구가 계속 진행되고 있으며, 가까운 미래에 eCG 에 있어서 지금까지 의문으로 남아있는 난포자극 및 황체형성의 이중활성에 대한 당쇄의 기능이 완전히 해결될 것으로 기대한다. eCG 의 황체형성에 대한 당쇄의 기능은 본 연구팀에 의해 알파단체의 56 번 N-linked 당쇄첨가 부위가 필수불가결하다는 결과를 얻었지만, 앞으로 난포자극 활성에 미치는 당쇄의 중요성에 관해서는 현재 연구 중에 있다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.183-189
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 불확실성을 확률변수로 가정하고 구조물의 파손기준을 한계상태식(Limit State Equation)으로 정의하였다. 한계상태식을 Fleishman의 3차 다항식으로 근사하고 이론적인 확률 모멘트(Moments)를 계산하였다. Fleishman은 표준정규 분포 확률변수에 대해서만 3차 다항식을 제시하였으나, 본 논문에서는 이를 확장하여 베타, 감마, 균일 분포 등 다양한 확률 변수에 적용하였다. 확률 모멘트를 계산하기 위해서 누률(Cumulants)과 정규화된 한계상태식을 활용하였으며, 피어슨 시스템(Pearson System)을 통해 한계상태식의 확률분포를 근사하였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.50-59
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• 2019

Anti-$M{\ddot{u}}llerian$ hormone (AMH), a peptide growth factor of the transforming growth $factor-{\beta}$ family, is a reliable marker of ovarian reserve. Regarding assisted reproductive technology, AMH has been efficiently used as a marker to predict ovarian response to stimulation. The clinical use of AMH has recently been extended and emphasized. The uses of AMH as a predictive marker of menopause onset, diagnostic tool for polycystic ovary syndrome, and assessment of ovarian function before and after gynecologic surgeries or gonadotoxic agents such as chemotherapy have been investigated. Serum AMH levels can also be affected by environmental and genetic factors; thus, the effects of factors that may alter AMH test results should be considered. This review summarizes the findings of recent studies focusing on the clinical application of AMH and factors that influence the AMH level and opinions on the use of the AMH level to assess the probability of conception before reproductive life planning as a "fertility test."

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.375-395
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• 2006

Purpose: Lingual nerve (LN) damage may be caused by either tumor resection or injury such as wisdom tooth extraction, Although autologous nerve graft is sometimes used to repair the damaged nerve, it has the disadvantage of necessity of another operation for nerve harvesting. Moreover, the results of nerve grafting is not satisfactory. The nerve growth factor (NGF) is well-known to play a critical role in peripheral nerve regeneration and its local delivery to the injured nerve has been continuously tried to enhance nerve regeneration. However, its application has limitations like repeated administration due to short half life of 30 minutes and an in vivo delivery model must allow for direct and local delivery. The aim of this study was to construct a well-functioning $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus for the ultimate development of improved method to promote peripheral nerve regeneration with enhanced and extended secretion of hNGF from the injured nerve by injecting $rhNGF-{\beta}$ gene directly into crush-injured LN in rat model. Materials and Methods: $hNGF-{\beta}$ gene was prepared from fetal brain cDNA library and cloned into E1/E3 deleted adenoviral vector which contains green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene as a reporter. After large scale production and purification of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, transfection efficiency and its expression at various cells (primary cultured Schwann cells, HEK293 cells, Schwann cell lines, NIH3T3 and CRH cells) were evaluated by fluorescent microscopy, RT-PCR, ELISA, immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, the function of rhNGF-beta, which was secreted from various cells infected with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, was evaluated using neuritogenesis of PC-12 cells. For in vivo evaluation of efficacy of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, the LNs of 8-week old rats were exposed and crush-injured with a small hemostat for 10 seconds. After the injury, $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus($2{\mu}l,\;1.5{\times}10^{11}pfu$) or saline was administered into the crushed site in the experimental (n=24) and the control group (n=24), respectively. Sham operation of another group of rats (n=9) was performed without administration of either saline or adenovirus. The taste recovery and the change of fungiform papilla were studied at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Each of the 6 animals was tested with different solutions (0.1M NaCl, 0.1M sucrose, 0.01M QHCl, or 0.01M HCl) by two-bottle test paradigm and the number of papilla was counted using SEM picture of tongue dorsum. LN was explored at the same interval as taste study and evaluated electro-physiologically (peak voltage and nerve conduction velocity) and histomorphometrically (axon count, myelin thickness). Results: The recombinant adenovirus vector carrying $rhNGF-{\beta}$ was constructed and confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequence analysis. GFP expression was observed in 90% of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells compared with uninfected cells. Total mRNA isolated from $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells showed strong RT-PCR band, however uninfected or LacZ recombinant adenovirus infected cells did not. NGF quantification by ELISA showed a maximal release of $18865.4{\pm}310.9pg/ml$ NGF at the 4th day and stably continued till 14 days by $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cells. PC-12 cells exposed to media with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cell revealed at the same level of neurite-extension as the commercial NGF did. $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus injected experimental groups in comparison to the control group exhibited different taste preference ratio. Salty, sweet and sour taste preference ratio were significantly different after 2 weeks from the beginning of the experiment, which were similar to the sham group, but not to the control group.

• 한국식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물학회 1999년도 Proceedings of the 17th Symposium on Plant Biology Environmental Stress and Photosynthesis
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• pp.83-90
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• 1999

Electron crystallography of two-dimensional crystalsand electron cryo-microscopy is becoming an established method for determining the structure and function of a variety of membrane proteins that are providing difficult to crystallize in three dimension. In this study this technique has been used to investigate the structure of a ~160 kDa reaction centre sub-core complex of photosystem II. Photosystem II is a photosynthetic membrane protein consisting of more than 25 subunits. It uses solar energy to split water releasing molecular oxygen into the atmosphere and creates electrochemical potential across the thylakoid membrane, which is eventually utilized to generate ATP and NADPH. Images were taken using Philips CM200 field emission gun electron microscope with an acceleration voltage of 200kW at liquid nitrogen temperature. In total, 79 images recorded dat tilt angles ranging from 0 to 67 degree yielded amplitudes and phases for a three-dimensional map with an in-plant resolution of 6$\AA$ and 11.4$\AA$ in the third dimension shows at least 23 transmembrane helices resolved in a monomeric complex, of which 18 were able to be assigned to the D1, D2, CP47 , and cytochrome b559 alfa beta-subunits with their associated pigments that ae active in electron transport (Rhee, 1998, Ph.D.thesis). The D1/D2 heterodimer is located in the central position within the complex and its helical scalffold is remarkably similar to that of the reaction centres not only in purple bacteria but also in plant photosystem I (PSI) , indicating a common evoluationary origin of all types of reaction centre in photosynthetic organism known today 9RHee et al. 1998). The structural homology is now extended to the inner antenna subunit, ascribed to CP47 in our map, where the 6 transmembrane helices show a striking structural similarity to the corresponding helices of the PSI reaction centre proteins. The overall arrangement of the chlorophylls in the D1 /D2 heterodimer, and in particular the distance between the central pair, is ocnsistent with the weak exciton coupling of P680 that distinguishes this reaction centre from bacterial counterpart. The map in most progress towards high resolution structure will be presented and discussed.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.56-66
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• 2019

Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein (HINT) is a member of the histidine triad (HIT) superfamily, which has hydrolase activity owing to a histidine triad motif. The HIT superfamily can be divided to five classes with functions in galactose metabolism, DNA repair, and tumor suppression. HINTs are highly conserved from archaea to humans and function as tumor suppressors, translation regulators, and neuropathy inhibitors. Although the structures of HINT proteins from various species have been reported, limited structural information is available for fungal species. Here, to elucidate the structural features and functional diversity of HINTs, we determined the crystal structure of HINT from the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans (CaHINT) in complex with zinc ions at a resolution of $2.5{\AA}$. Based on structural comparisons, the monomer of CaHINT overlaid best with HINT protein from the protozoal species Leishmania major. Additionally, structural comparisons with human HINT revealed an additional helix at the C-terminus of CaHINT. Interestingly, the extended C-terminal helix interacted with the N-terminal loop (${\alpha}1-{\beta}1$) and with the ${\alpha}3$ helix, which appeared to stabilize the dimerization of CaHINT. In the C-terminal region, structural and sequence comparisons showed strong relationships among 19 diverse species from archea to humans, suggesting early separation in the course of evolution. Further studies are required to address the functional significance of variations in the C-terminal region. This structural analysis of CaHINT provided important insights into the molecular aspects of evolution within the HIT superfamily.