• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1997 no.11
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• pp.361-364
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• 1997

Bayesian MAP-EM approaches have been quite useful or tomographic reconstruction in that they can stabilize the instability of well-known ML-EM approaches, and can incorporate a priori information on the underlying emission object. However, MAP reconstruction algorithms with expressive priors often suffer from the optimization problem when their objective unctions are nonquadratic. In our previous work [1], we showed that the use of deterministic annealing method greatly reduces computational burden or optimization and provides a good solution or nonquadratic objective unctions. Here, we further investigate the convergence of the deterministic annealing algorithm; our experimental results show that, while the solutions obtained by a simple quenching algorithm depend on the initial conditions, the estimates converged via deterministic annealing algorithm are consistent under various initial conditions.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.255-261
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate correlation of auditory development and language development of children with hearing impairment Eighteen subjects with severe or profound hearing loss participated in this study. They were 22-to 55-month-olds who had hearing parents with no additional disabling conditions. The test material was the Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (MAIS) and MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory-Korea (MCDI-K). A Pearson Correlation Coefficient was determined through a statistical analysis. The results followed as; firstly there was a strong correlation between auditory development and receptive language development. Secondly, there was a strong correlation between receptive language development and expressive language development. Finally, there was a strong correlation between auditory development and education onset time. Therefore, auditory training is important method for auditory rehabilitation and education onset time is important variation for auditory development.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.41-44
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• 2018

In this paper, we propose a novel method for developing expressive typography authoring tools with personal emotions. Our goal is to implement an interactive typography system that does not rely on any particular language and provides an easy, natural user interface and allows for immediate interaction. For this purpose, we converted the text data entered by a user to image data. The image data was then used for interaction with the user. The data was synchronized with the user's skeleton information obtained from the depth camera. We decomposed the characters using the formality of language to provide a typographical movement that responds more dynamically to the user's motion. Thus, this system provides interaction as a unit of characters rather than as a whole character, allowing the user to have emotional and aesthetic emotional immersion into his or her creation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.341-346
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• 2002

Type-1 fuzzy set is used to show the uncertainty in a given value. But there are many situations where it needs to be extended to type-2 fuzzy set because it can be also difficult to determine the crisp membership function itself. Type-2 fuzzy systems have the advantage that they are more expressive and powerful than type-1 fuzzy systems, but they require many operations defined for type-1 fuzzy sets need to be extended in the domain of type-2 fuzzy sets. In this paper, comparison and ranking methods for type-2 fuzzy sets are proposed. It is based on the satisfaction function that produces the comparison results considering the actual values of the given type-2 fuzzy sets with their possibilities. Some properties of the proposed method are also analyzed.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.211-220
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• 2015

Recently, model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) has played an important role in transmission tomography by significantly improving the quality of reconstructed images for low-dose scans. MBIR is based on the penalized-likelihood (PL) approach, where the penalty term (also known as the regularizer) stabilizes the unstable likelihood term, thereby suppressing the noise. In this work we further improve MBIR by using a more expressive regularizer which can restore the underlying image more accurately. Here we used a spline regularizer derived from a linear combination of the two-dimensional splines with first- and second-order spatial derivatives and applied it to a non-quadratic convex penalty function. To derive a PL algorithm with the spline regularizer, we used a separable paraboloidal surrogates algorithm for convex optimization. The experimental results demonstrate that our regularization method improves reconstruction accuracy in terms of both regional percentage error and contrast recovery coefficient by restoring smooth edges as well as sharp edges more accurately.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.306-315
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the structure and characteristics among college students' gender-role identity. Method: The study used a Q-method to measure college students' gender-role identity types. Korean Gender Role Identity Inventory(KGRII) formed the Q sample. The P sample consisted of a convenience sample of 44 college students. Q statements were written on separate cards and were given to the subjects to sort according to degree of agreement or disagreement. The Q-sorts by each subject were coded and analyzed with the Quanl PC program. Result: From data, three types were extracted. Three types showed a low correlation with each other, and accounted for 41 percent of the variance of the participants. The first type, a 'sex-role transcendence', expresses warm, humane, and kind. The second type, a 'masculinity intention type', has leadership, activity, power, and initiative. And the third type, a 'femininity intention type' pursues emotional, expressive, delicate and tactful. Conclusion: This paper classifies and subdivides three types of gender-role identity in college students. It helps understanding of gender-role identity, and further developing a sense of value and attitude related to gender identity in college students.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.624-632
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• 2002

The number of residents in elderly institution has been increasing due to the change of the family support system. This study was focused on understanding the process of adjustment of the institutionalized elderly using the Grounded Theory approach. Method: There were seven participants, 4 men and 3 women living in 3 different elderly facilities. The data was collected through in-depth interviews and participant observation from June 20, 1999 to January 10, 2000 and analyzed by the Strauss and Corbin's analysis method. Result: 125 concepts were found and grouped into 30 sub-categories and then grouped into 13 categories. These categories are , , , , , , , , , , , and , which were synthesized into the process of adjustment. being the core category. The adjustment process of the facility elderly consisted of : 1. expressive phase of 'reluctance' 2. control phase of 'reluctance' 3. latent phase of 'reluctance' Conclusion: This study offers better understandings on the adjustment process of the institutionalized elderly and provides more appropriate nursing care to the New Comers of these facilities.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.3 no.6
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• pp.1355-1364
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• 1996

A complex object model is one of the value based data model which extends the existing relational data model for supporting complex structured data. This paper studies a method for designing algebra for the complex object model. For this some others' algebra supporting complex objects are compared and analysed in terms of the applicability of a algebraic optimization strategics. The complex object algebra is designed, based on four principles, simple and clear definitions, no restriction on input data, single specification system. The central nature of this paper is to keep the basis of algebraic optimization method through simplicity, safety and the applicability of algebraic optimization strategy. Finally, it shown that the designed algebra has the equivalent or enhanced expressability with other's algebra.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.157-175
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• 2010

Understanding dialogue participant's emotion is important as well as decoding the explicit message in human communication. It is well known that non-verbal elements are more suitable for conveying speaker's emotions than verbal elements. Written texts, however, contain a variety of linguistic units that express emotions. This study aims at analyzing components for constructing an emotion ontology, that provides us with numerous applications in Human Language Technology. A majority of the previous work in text-based emotion processing focused on the classification of emotions, the construction of a dictionary describing emotion, and the retrieval of those lexica in texts through keyword spotting and/or syntactic parsing techniques. The retrieved or computed emotions based on that process did not show good results in terms of accuracy. Thus, more sophisticate components analysis is proposed and the linguistic factors are introduced in this study. (1) 5 linguistic types of emotion expressions are differentiated in terms of target (verbal/non-verbal) and the method (expressive/descriptive/iconic). The correlations among them as well as their correlation with the non-verbal expressive type are also determined. This characteristic is expected to guarantees more adaptability to our ontology in multi-modal environments. (2) As emotion-related components, this study proposes 24 emotion types, the 5-scale intensity (-2~+2), and the 3-scale polarity (positive/negative/neutral) which can describe a variety of emotions in more detail and in standardized way. (3) We introduce verbal expression-related components, such as 'experiencer', 'description target', 'description method' and 'linguistic features', which can classify and tag appropriately verbal expressions of emotions. (4) Adopting the linguistic tag sets proposed by ISO and TEI and providing the mapping table between our classification of emotions and Plutchik's, our ontology can be easily employed for multilingual processing.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.975-983
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• 2010

In this paper, we introduce extended problems of Tower of Hanoi (ToH) and propose a novel visualization method to express a state space of ToH. As for the extended problems, we introduce multi-peg ToH, multi-stack ToH, and regular state ToH. The novel visualization method in this paper is a natural extension of Hanoi graph visualization. In the proposed method, we assign one Cartesian coordinate point per each disk to provide an unified visualization that the marks on a link and the changes of a state should correspond with a peg position of a disk. Compared with Hanoi graph, the generated graph by the proposed method is isomorphic if we remove links of forbidden move, which indicates that our method is a generalization of Hanoi graph and thus is more expressive. To help the understanding of the readers, we show the generated graphs by our method when the number of disks is 2 and 3.