• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.8-17
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• 2024

Objectives: The effectiveness and efficiency of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in reducing the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among men who have sex with men (MSM) relies on how widely it is adopted and adhered to, particularly among high-risk groups of MSM. The meta-analysis aimed to collect and analyze existing evidence on various factors related to PrEP adherence in MSM, including demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors, substance use, and psychosocial factors. Methods: The meta-analysis followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The search included articles published between January 2018 and December 2022, obtained from the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases. The studies that were included in the analysis reported the proportion of MSM who demonstrated adherence to PrEP and underwent quality appraisal using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: Of the 268 studies initially identified, only 12 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final meta-analysis. The findings indicated that education (odds ratio [OR], 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12 to 2.40), number of sexual partners (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.31), engaging in sexual activities with an human immunodeficiency virus-positive partner (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.16 to 2.26), substance use (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.99), and lower levels of depression (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.82) were associated with higher rates of PrEP adherence among MSM. Conclusions: Despite these findings, further research is necessary to investigate PrEP adherence more comprehensively. The findings of this meta-analysis can be utilized to inform interventions aimed at improving PrEP adherence among MSM and provide directions for future research in this area.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.741-751
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• 1997

Measurement of blood lead (PbB) and blood zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) are most common biological indices to identify the individual at risk for excess or the health sequences by lead exposure. Because PbB is known most important and reliable index of lead exposure, PbB is often regarded as a gold standard to detect lead exposure. But in Korea PbB is a secondary test item of detailed health check-up with positive finding of screening test in most occasion. Our lead standard requires all lead workers to take annual heath-check twice a year for investigation of their health effect due to lead exposure. Blood ZPP is one of most important index to detect high lead absorption in lead workers as a screening test. Measurement of blood ZPP is known ,well to correlate with PbB in steady state of exposure in most lead workers and is often used as a primary screening test to detect high lead absorption of lead workers with the advantage of simplicity, easiness, portability and low cost. The current cut-off criteria of blood ZPP for further detailed health check-up is $100{\mu}g/d\ell$ which is supposed to match the level of $40{\mu}g/d\ell$ of PbB according to our standard. Authors tried to investigate the validity of current criteria of cut-off level $(100{\mu}g/d\ell)$ of blood ZPP and possible another better cut-off level of it to detect the lead workers whose PbB level over $40{\mu}g/d\ell$. The subjects in our study were 212 male workers in three small scale storage battery industries. Blood ZPP, PbB and hemoglobin (Hb) were selected as the indices of lead exposure. The results were as follows. 1. The mean of blood ZPP, PbB and Hb in lead workers were $79.5{\pm}46.7{\mu}g/d\ell,\;38.7{\pm}15.1{\mu}g/d\ell,\;and\;14.8{\pm}1.2g/d\ell$, respectively. There were significant differences in blood ZPP, PbB and Hb by industry (P<0.01). 2. The percents of lead workers whose blood ZPP were above $100{\mu}g/d\ell$ in the group of work duration below 1, 1-4, 5-9 and above 10 years were 8.6%, 17.2%, 47.6%, and 50.0%, respectively. The percents of lead workers whose PbB were above $40{\mu}g/d\ell$ in those were 31.4%, 40.4%, 71.4%, and 86.4%, respectively. 3. The percents of lead workers whose PbB were below $40{\mu}g/d\ell$, $40-59{\mu}g/d\ell$ and above $60{\mu}g/d\ell$ were 54.7%, 34.9% and 10.4%, respectively. Those of lead workers whose blood ZPP were below $100{\mu}g/d\ell$, $100-149{\mu}g/d\ell$ and above $150{\mu}g/d\ell$ were 79.2%, 13.7% and 7.1%, respectively. 4. Simple linear regression of PbB on blood ZPP was statistically significant (P<0.01) and as PbB was $40{\mu}g/d\ell$, blood ZPP was $82.1{\mu}g/d\ell$. 5. While the highest sensitivity and specificity of blood ZPP test to detect lead workers with PbB eve. $40{\mu}g/d\ell$ were observed in the cut-off level of $50{\mu}g/d\ell$ and $100{\mu}g/d\ell$ of blood ZPP, respectively, the highest validity (sensitivity+specificity) of blood ZPP to detect lead workers with PbB over $40{\mu}g/d\ell$ was observed in the cut-off level of around $70{\mu}g/d\ell$ of blood ZPP. But even with optimal cut-off level of around $70{\mu}g/d\ell$ of blood ZPP, still 25.0% of false negative and 20.7% false positive lead workers were found. As the result of this study, it was suggested that reconsideration of current blood ZPP cut-off of our lead standard from $100{\mu}g/d\ell$ to somewhat lower level such as around $70{\mu}g/d\ell$ and the inclusion of PbB measurement as a primary screening test for lead workers was highly recommended for the effective prevention of lead workers.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.347-353
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• 2005

한국 농업환경에서 benzimidazole계 살균제의 안전사용 및 농약살포자를 보호하기 위하여 단기(30일 이내) 및 장기(6개월 이상) 노출에 대한 농작업자 위해성평가를 수행하였다. 농작업자의 노출량 산출은 일본의 EPN 45% 유제 노출시나리오를 이용하였으며, 일일 작업시간은 4시간으로 가정하였고, 작업자에 대한 급성 및 만성 허용노출량(AOEL)은 단기노출은 기형독성, 만성노출은 만성독성 NOAEL로부터 산출하였다. Benzimidazole계 농약들은 US/EPA가 $Q_1^*$를 설정하여 발암성평가를 하고 있는 농약들로서 본 연구에서도 작업자의 만성 노출에 대한 발암성평가를 평균일일노출량(LADD)를 일생 동안 농업에 종사하는 연수, 농약살포 횟수, 농업형태 등을 고려하여 평가하였다. 농작업자에 대한 농약 노출량은 benomyl, carbendazim 및 thiophanate-methyl에 대하여 각각 0.2, 0.36 및 0.42 mg/kg/day 이었고, sAOEL은 0.3, 0.1 및 0.2 mg/kg/day 이었으며, cAOEL의 경우 benomyl과 carbendazim은 0.025, thiophanate-methyl은 0.08 mg/kg/day이었다. 만성 및 발암위해성평가를 위한 LADD는 benomyl 0.0038, carbendazim 0.0067 및 thiophanate-methyl 0.0081mg/kg/day로 산출되었다. 위의 수치를 이용하여 AOEL/exposure를 산출한 결과 급성위해성은 $0.28{\sim}1.5$, 만성 위해성은 $3.73{\sim}9.88$로서 작업자에 대한 급성 위해성은 보호장비를 착용할 경우 최대 90%까지 노출량이 감소하므로 보호장비 착용시 안전할 것으로 생각되었으며, 만성 위해성은 AOEL/exposure가 1 이상으로서 안전한 것으로 판단되었다. 발암위해성평가 결과는 보호장비를 착용할 경우 $9.12{\times}10^{-7}{\sim}1.13{\times}10^{-5}$으로 실제적인 농약살포 인자를 고려하여 평가하면 농약살포자에 대한 위해성은 없을 것으로 추정되나 보다 실제적인 노출성적을 이용한 농약살포 작업자 위해성평가가 필요하리라 판단된다.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.1257-1268
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• 2015

다기능 주변기기는 원래 이미지 처리 작업을 중심으로 수행하는 장치였지만 팩스 기능이 결합하여 전자화된 이미지 데이터를 전송하는 기능과 네트워크 기능이 추가되어 비약적으로 발전하였다. 또한, 다기능 주변기기는 인터넷 응용, 애플리케이션 확장, 원격 공유, 이미지 처리의 기능이 추가되었다. 하지만 다기능 주변기기는 네트워크 연결로 인한 위협으로 발생하는 데이터 노출 및 도청 등의 보안 취약점이 발생할 수 있다. 따라서 다기능 주변기기에 대한 평가 기준이 필요하지만, 현재는 다기능 주변기기에 대한 공통된 보호프로파일이 존재하지 않아서 제품에 대한 안전성을 평가하는데 구체적인 평가 기준을 적용하지 않아 평가 품질의 균일성을 유지하는 것이 어려웠다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 다기능 주변기기에 대한 위협을 분석하여 안전한 다기능 주변기기를 사용하기 위해서 공통평가기준을 기반으로 다기능 주변기기에 대한 보호프로파일을 개발하였다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.394-400
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• 2022

Background: Impacts of exposure are generally monitored and recorded after injuries or illness occur. Yet, absence of conventional after-the-effect impacts (i.e., lagging indicators), tend to focus on physical health and injuries, and fail to inform if workers are not exposed to safety and health hazards. In contrast to lagging indicators, leading indicators are proactive, preventive, and predictive indexes that offer insights how effective safety and health. The present study is to validate an extended Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP) that consists of six leading indicators. Methods: Questionnaires were distributed to 13 organizations (response rate = 93.1%, 1,439 responses) in Taiwan. Cronbach α, multiple linear regression and canonical correlation were used to test the reliability of the extended Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP) which consists of six leading indicators (safe climate, transformational leadership, organizational justice, organizational support, hazard prevention and control, and training). Criteria-related validation strategy was applied to examine relationships of six leading indicators with six criteria (perceived health, burnout, depression, job satisfaction, job performance, and life satisfaction). Results: The results showed that the Cronbach's α of six leading indicators ranged from 0.87 to 0.92. The canonical correlation analysis indicated a positive correlation between the six leading indicators and criteria (1st canonical function: correlation = 0.647, square correlation = 0.419, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The present study validates the extended VPP framework that focuses on promoting safety and physical and mental health. Results further provides applications of the extended VPP framework to promote workers' safety and health.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.68-76
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• 2023

Background: In the process of discussion on the possibility of using radionuclide-contaminated soil and debris generated by radiation disasters, a strategy for the proper management of radiation exposure protection while considering the source of the contaminated materials is necessary. Materials and Methods: The radiological protection criteria that are likely to be applied to the source-related approach based on the International Commission on Radiological Protection recommendations and the International Atomic Energy Agency safety standards are summarized. We proposed five interpretations of radiation protection to contribute to the promotion of discussion on the possibility of using a part of low-level-radionuclide-contaminated soil and debris in the post-accident rehabilitation. Interpretations I to III are based on the idea of "using a reference level to protect the public in post-accident rehabilitation," whereas IV and V are based on the idea of "using the dose constraint to protect the public in the post-accident rehabilitation when the sources are handled in a planned activity." The former idea is subdivided into three based on the definition of the source, which is managed by the reference level, and the latter idea is divided into two depending on whether or not additional dose from using contaminated materials is deemed acceptable. Results and Discussion: To confirm the applicability of the five interpretations presented, we suggested the concrete values of protection criteria via two feasible cases. In this case study, we proposed radiation protection by the dose constraint based on the Interpretation IV and chose 1 mSv/yr for the public and 20 mSv/yr for workers dealing with radionuclide-contaminated materials. Conclusion: We concretely and systematically demonstrated how the concept of radiation protection can be applied to the process of discussion on the possibility of using radionuclide-contaminated materials within the framework of an international system of protection. This study's findings can provide necessary information to discuss the possibility of using radionuclide-contaminated materials as an alternative option for recovery and reconstruction after a radiation disaster from the viewpoint of radiation protection.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1197-1206
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• 2023

가상현실로 구현한 공중화장실의 위험도를 산출하기 위하여 공중화장실에 존재하는 공간요소를 평가하고자 하였다. 평가대상과 평가 기준에 이론적 기반을 마련하기 위해 공중화장실의 안전성을 높이기 위한 체크리스트를 제안한 선행연구를 도입하였다. 평가 기준을 설정하기 위해 Paul J. Brantingham과 Patricia L. Brantingham의 이론을 바탕으로 공간과 범죄자의 상호작용에 초점을 맞춰 분석하고 수립하였다. Ronald V. Clarke의 "일상활동 이론"도 도입하여 평가 접근 방식에 통합하였다. 공중화장실의 범죄자, 이용자, 공간적 요소 간의 상관관계를 토대로 범인의 행위, 범죄와의 공간적 관련성, 이용 중 이용자 노출을 분석하였다. 이러한 기준을 이용하여 공중화장실의 공간요소 평가 알고리즘을 개발하고 이를 기반으로 애플리케이션을 개발하여 평가 도구 개발이 가능함을 입증하였다.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.69-87
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• 2024

Objectives : This study is to investigate the current National Health Insurance Database cohort studies related to complications of Parkinson's Disease (PD) and suggest the design of Korean medical epidemiological studies of PD. Methods : Nationwide longitudinal studies of PD patients in South Korea were collected through Pubmed and the Korea Citation Index (KCI). We selected cohort studies that used the National Health Insurance Database in Korea and targeted Parkinson's disease patients. Studies published before February 2024 were categorized according to study designs. We examined variables and covariates, enroll dates and matching methods. Results : Of a total of 536 studies, 18 studies met the inclusion criteria. All studies used the National Health Insurance (NHI) Research Database and among them, 5 used sample data and one senior database. Studies can be classified into two types. 11 cohort studies were comparing PD patients and non-PD patients. Another type was 4 PD patients cohort studies. Most studies used two diagnostic codes (G20 and V124) for inclusion criteria. Enroll periods were from 2002 to 2017, and follow-up periods were from 7 to 14 years. 16 studies considered age and sex as covariates. 15 studies used the propensity score matching method to increase the level of causality. There was only one study related to the Korean medical treatment. Conclusion : In future cohort studies on Korean medical treatment, more attempts should be made to reveal the effect of the treatments on PD patients by defining inclusion criteria for patient groups, covariates, exposure variables, and assessment indicators more operatively.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.59-69
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• 2017

Objectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate the exposure of VOCs and effects of the chemicals on the nail technicians whose works in a nail shop. Methods: For four month from May to August in 2016, we measured twenty-two kinds of VOCs in ten nail shops and carried out health examinations on thirty-four workers in there. Results: The TVOC concentration in indoor air of nail shops is $0.487mg/m^3$ at a minimum and $33.236mg/m^3$ at a maximum where it consists of 70.5% of Ketones, 25.4% of Alcohols, 2.6% of Esters, 0.8% of Aldehydes and 0.7% of Aromatics. The VOCs concentration during nail art works shows an increase in average ratio 1.8 compared to the concentration of indoor air quality and also the concentration of Isopropanol rose with 3.2 of the highest ratio. The results of Spearman correlation between TVOC concentration in indoor air and environmental factor was like that has significance level of correlation(${\rho}$<0.05, r=0.682) in case of number of customers per day, but the other factors were not meaningful in correlation. Correlation between VOCs and medical check-up items was like that has positive significance level(${\rho}$<0.01, r=0.638) between isopropanol and GPT, but the others have not meaningful. The exposure level of VOCs was not exceed the criteria exposure level 1 of working environment measuring method which announced by labor ministry in all ten nail shop indoor air quality. Conclusions: In this study although it was not significant correlation between harmful substances and medical check-up items in the nail shop indoor air quality, it is necessary to do more ventilation and to install exhaust facilities because of existing high VOCs concentration in the nail shop indoor air.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2022

본 연구는 국내 유통 되는 식품용 유리제 총 110개 제품을 대상으로 유리제에서 식품으로 이행될 우려가 있는 납, 카드뮴 및 바륨에 대하여 이행량을 조사하고 안전성 평가를 실시하였다. 납, 카드뮴 및 바륨은 ICP-OES로 측정되었고, 시험법은 직선성, 검출한계, 정량한계, 회수율, 정밀도 및 측정불확도 추정에 의해 검증되었다. 납과 바륨의 이행량은 각각 불검출 ~ 0.7949 mg/L 및 불검출 ~ 0.1823 mg/L 이었으며, 카드뮴은 모든 시료에서 검출되지 않았다. 식이를 통한 이행물질의 일일추정섭취량 및 위해도를 확인한 결과 국내 유통되는 식품용 유리제는 안전하게 관리되고 있음을 확인하였다.