Operator exposure risk assessment of benzimidazole fungicides on Korean agricultural condition

Benzimidazole계 살균제의 농작업자 위해성평가

  • Lee, Je-Bong (National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology) ;
  • Shin, Jin-Sup (National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology) ;
  • Jeong, Mi-Hye (National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology) ;
  • Park, Yeon-Ki (National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology) ;
  • Im, Geon-Jae (National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology) ;
  • Kang, Kyu-Young (Dept. of Environ. Biotechnology, Gyeong Sang National University)
  • Published : 2005.12.30

Abstract

Pesticide risk assessment for pesticide operators as well as for consumers has become one of the pesticide regulatory tools to reduce any unreasonable adverse health effects from pesticide use. The risk for pesticide operators can be quantified by comparing the acceptable operator exposure level(AOEL) with exposure level during pesticide application. This study is to evaluate the risk of benzimidazole fungicides application worker. The exposure level of pesticide applicators were calculated using Japanese operator exposure study tested with EPN 45% EC. The AOELs for pesticides were obtained dividing relevant lowest no observed abuse effect levels(NOAELs) for the exposure scenario into uncertainty factor, 100. For the non-cancer and cancer occupational risk assessment, $Q_1^*$ produced by US/EPA and life time average daily dose(LADD) calculated from average daily dose(ADD), treatment days per year, worked years for life time were used. Operator exposure for benzimidazole fungicides application were benomyl 0.2, carbendazim 0.36 and thiophanate-methyl 0.42 mg/kg/day. Short-term AOELs for benomyl, carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl were 0.3, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg/day, and long-term AOEL were 0.025, 0.025, 0.08 mg/kg/day, respectively. LADDs were benomyl 0.0038, carbendazim 0.0067, thiophanate-methyl 0.0081 mg/kg/day. The ratios of exposure to AOEL were $0.28{\sim}1.5$ for short-term and $3.73{\sim}9.88$ for long-term. Cancer risk for operator were $9.12{\times}10^{-6}$ for benomyl, $1.61{\times}10^{-5}$ for carbendazim and $1.13{\times}10^{-4}$ for thiophanate-methyl by the standard application scenario. The result showed 3 fungicides exceed the risk criteria, $1.0{\times}10^{-6}$. The above risk assessments were based upon conservative assumptions and therefore are believed to be protective of the applicator. To refine the risk at the more actual conditions, further risk assessment with more realistic data would be needed.

한국 농업환경에서 benzimidazole계 살균제의 안전사용 및 농약살포자를 보호하기 위하여 단기(30일 이내) 및 장기(6개월 이상) 노출에 대한 농작업자 위해성평가를 수행하였다. 농작업자의 노출량 산출은 일본의 EPN 45% 유제 노출시나리오를 이용하였으며, 일일 작업시간은 4시간으로 가정하였고, 작업자에 대한 급성 및 만성 허용노출량(AOEL)은 단기노출은 기형독성, 만성노출은 만성독성 NOAEL로부터 산출하였다. Benzimidazole계 농약들은 US/EPA가 $Q_1^*$를 설정하여 발암성평가를 하고 있는 농약들로서 본 연구에서도 작업자의 만성 노출에 대한 발암성평가를 평균일일노출량(LADD)를 일생 동안 농업에 종사하는 연수, 농약살포 횟수, 농업형태 등을 고려하여 평가하였다. 농작업자에 대한 농약 노출량은 benomyl, carbendazim 및 thiophanate-methyl에 대하여 각각 0.2, 0.36 및 0.42 mg/kg/day 이었고, sAOEL은 0.3, 0.1 및 0.2 mg/kg/day 이었으며, cAOEL의 경우 benomyl과 carbendazim은 0.025, thiophanate-methyl은 0.08 mg/kg/day이었다. 만성 및 발암위해성평가를 위한 LADD는 benomyl 0.0038, carbendazim 0.0067 및 thiophanate-methyl 0.0081mg/kg/day로 산출되었다. 위의 수치를 이용하여 AOEL/exposure를 산출한 결과 급성위해성은 $0.28{\sim}1.5$, 만성 위해성은 $3.73{\sim}9.88$로서 작업자에 대한 급성 위해성은 보호장비를 착용할 경우 최대 90%까지 노출량이 감소하므로 보호장비 착용시 안전할 것으로 생각되었으며, 만성 위해성은 AOEL/exposure가 1 이상으로서 안전한 것으로 판단되었다. 발암위해성평가 결과는 보호장비를 착용할 경우 $9.12{\times}10^{-7}{\sim}1.13{\times}10^{-5}$으로 실제적인 농약살포 인자를 고려하여 평가하면 농약살포자에 대한 위해성은 없을 것으로 추정되나 보다 실제적인 노출성적을 이용한 농약살포 작업자 위해성평가가 필요하리라 판단된다.

Keywords

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