• English Language & Literature Teaching
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.83-104
• /
• 2009

This study examined whether self-correction or metalinguistic explanation might make a difference in the ability to accurately write two English grammatical structures when learners received indirect teacher feedback in the form of underlining target errors in a Korean EFL college classroom. With the goal of helping low-proficiency students improve their ability to accurately write sentences including nonfinite present participial relative clauses and present participial constructions, four groups were formed: a group which received indirect feedback, a group which received indirect feedback and metalinguistic explanation, a group which received indirect feedback and self-corrected errors, and a group which received indirect feedback and self-corrected errors after receiving metalinguistic explanation. The results showed that the effects of either metalinguistic explanation or self-correction integrated with indirect feedback on learners' ability to accurately write the target structures were not meaningful, while the combined effects of metalinguistic explanation and self-correction were statistically significant.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.185-204
• /
• 2012

A three factor experiment was conducted to explore the effects of giving prompts and asking for self explanation and the modulating effect of the need for cognition (NC) on the two interventions. The effects of giving prompts and asking for self explanation were different depending on the task and the level of need for cognition. Participants of low NC conditions showed the prompt effect and the self explanation effect in the memory tests. On the other hand, participants in the high NC conditions performed better in the comprehension test when they were given prompts and were asked to self explain. However, high NC participants performed worse when they were asked to self explain without providing the prompts. The results were interpreted to suggest the importance of detecting the right parts in getting the self explanation effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.367-377
• /
• 2015

The purpose of this study was to see the influences of POE science class that emphasizes explanation on science research ability, motivation of science class as well as scientific attitude of elementary students. The results drawn from this analysis were as below. Firstly, positive relationship was found between science research ability and POE science class was shown among research group. This shows that science research ability was improved as POE science class encouraged the research activities of students. It indicates that POE science class emphasizing explanation is effective in improving science research ability of students. Secondly, positive relationship was found between motivation of science class and POE science class among research group and this means that POE science class that emphasizes explanation stimulates intellectual curiosity of students and improves their attitude by actively promoting research activities. Thirdly, there was a positive relationship between scientific attitude and POE science class among research group. This presents that POE science class emphasizing explanation is effective in improving students' attitude toward science by promoting research activities. Above results show that POE science class emphasizing explanation is highly effective for elementary students. It is considered that scientific writing, discussion and debate classes have positive influences on research ability, motivation of science class and scientific attitude of elementary students. Thus, it is needed to apply POE science class to current science class as it can promote wider scientific activities among students.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.1324-1335
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of PCK designed instruction on academic achievement and self-efficacy for underachievers in science of elementary school. The hypotheses were as follows: First, PCK designed science instruction would improve academic achievement of the children. Second, PCK designed science instruction would improve academic self- efficacy of the children. The subject was 14 students of forth graders of elementary school who are underachievers in science class. For group composition, self efficacy test and science achievement test were conducted and they were divided into experimental group and control group. Each group has 7 participants. A total of 16 sessions were conducted for 8 weeks, twice per week, with experimental group were taught PCK designed classes while control group were taught teacher-led explanation type class. The result of statistical analyses were as follows: First, the experimental group in PCK designed class showed more improvement on academic achievement than the control group in the teacher-led explanation type class. Second, the experimental group in PCK designed class showed more improvement on self efficacy than the control group in the teacher-led explanation type class.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.63-90
• /
• 2007

The present study investigated what combination of three form-focused options - explicit explanation, production practice, and corrective feedback - may be effective in helping low-proficiency learners improve accuracy in communicative writing. The subjects were 34 Korean university students enrolled in 'Business English 1' and the study lasted 11 weeks. The relative clause structure was selected as the target structure. The study found that the combination of explicit explanation, sentence-level production practice, communicative writing practice, and recasts had a significantly greater effect on improved accuracy than the combination of communicative writing practice and recasts and that of explicit explanation, communicative writing practice, and recasts. Because the second and third combinations didn't lead to significantly improved accuracy, it can be concluded that of the form-focused options forming the first combination sentence-level production practice made a decisive contribution to the significant increase in accuracy. It also found that the provision of self-correcting opportunities before providing recasts on errors committed in sentence-level production practice resulted in significantly greater accuracy in communicative writing than the provision of recasts alone on them. The results of the study suggest that we should make low-proficiency Korean learners have sentence-level production practice which is intensive and focused and make them self-correct targeted errors before providing them with narrowly focused recasts in order to help them to improve writing accuracy.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.1-27
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of customer orientation factors in relation to medical services on the values of the service and customer satisfaction and loyalty. Those factors include patient safety and, as found by previous studies, specialization, explanation of what to be medically examined and customer orientation itself. Based on these pervious studies, this study surveyed customers of 7 general hospitals located in Busan to empirically identify relations between customer orientation factors of medical services and the values of the services and customer satisfaction. Results of the study can be summarized as follows. First, this study is very meaningful in that it established a basic theory of patient safety as one of the above customer orientation factors, and tried to empirically demonstrated the theory by applying it to medical services. Second, another of the factors, specialization was found positively affecting the values of medical services, but not affecting customer satisfaction. Customers are likely to choose specialized medical institutions even at higher cost when they undergo an accident or disease. Nevertheless, in factors, whether medical service providers are specialized is not influencing customer satisfaction. This is because medical institutions are failing to properly make recognized their specialization to customers who want to receive specialized medical services. Third, another of customer orientation factors, that is, explanation of what to be medically examined was found not having positive effects on the values of medical services and customer satisfaction. This is probably because enough time was not given for the explanation or because the explanation itself was not provided enough. Fourth, medical service providers' customer orientation was found positively influencing the values of medical services and customer satisfaction. In other words, it seems that customer-centered attitudes and behaviors of medical service providers had positive effects on customers' perception of medical services. Fifth, another of the factors, that is, patient safety was found positively affecting the values of medical services and customer satisfaction. This is probably because medical services' accurate diagnoses and reliable services had positive effects on customers' perception of medical services. Sixth, customers' perceived values of medical services were found having positive effects on customer satisfaction and loyalty. This suggests that the values of medical services are an antecedent variable that directly influences customer satisfaction and loyalty. Seventh, customer satisfaction was found positively affecting customer loyalty. This suggests that customer satisfaction is an antecedent variable of customer loyalty. In conclusion, this study showed that in relation to medical services, customer orientation factors' significant influences on the values of the services and customer satisfaction requires continuous efforts for raising customers' perceived qualities of medical services.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.341-349
• /
• 2010

In this study, the effects of concept mapping with feedbacks providing explanatory comments on students' achievement, science learning anxiety, and science learning motivation were investigated in the undergraduate general chemistry course. The aptitude-treatment interactions between students' level of mastery goal orientation and the concept mapping with explanation feedback treatment were also examined. Sixty-seven freshmen from an university of education were assigned to a control group and a treatment group. The tests of mastery goal orientation, science anxiety, and science learning motivation were administered as pretests. For the treatment group, feedback providing students with explanatory comments through whole class discussion was presented after each concept mapping. Whereas the control group students were presented with opportunities solving excercise problems followed by explanation feedback. The intervention was lasted for 10 weeks (30 class periods). After the instructions, a researcher-made achievement test, the science learning anxiety test, and the science learning motivation test were administered. The results indicated that no statistically significant difference was found in students' achievement. In the science learning anxiety, however, the scores of the treatment group was significantly lower than those of the control group. The scores of the treatment group also tended to be higher, though not significant, than those of the control group in the science learning motivation. However, no significant aptitude-treatment interactions were found in all dependent variables.

• (The) Korean Journal of Educational Psychology
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.461-478
• /
• 2008

This study attempted to test whether or not students' collaborative argumentation and explanation activity while using concept mapping did improve understanding on texts. Total of 52 college students participated in this study. They were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions. The experiment lasted for two or three weeks and students were tested on comprehension level of a text material that they have studied over the period. As a result, with two independent factors of explanation and collaboration, there was a significant interaction effect without main effects. That is, individual did better when they did have to explain what they were doing. However, this is not the case when students collaborate. Students in the paired condition, they did better when they do not have to explain what they were doing with concept maps. This study showed efficiency with using computerized software does not always guarantee higher understanding on text materials. Instructional contexts and variables, collaboration and explanation, needs to be considered. Collaborating with others and explaining their own learning processes should be carefully designed when they are combined with concept mapping contexts. How to minimize learning obstacles from discussing ideas with others are a critical issue for future research.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.177-225
• /
• 2011

Verdicts related to major medical litigation given by the Seoul Central District Court, the Seoul High Court and the Supreme Court in 2010 were analyzed. It's shown that in cases of the medical negligence regarding the occurrence of neonatal cerebral palsy, the plaintiff claims were dismissed using criteria proposed by associations of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics in US, and thereof the burden of plaintiffs to prove the medical negligence has increased. In addition, in case of that the expected survival period of infants gets longer, payments for treatment and nursing after survival period determined by judges are made and it was judged to compensate it as a periodical indemnity. In case for the explanation obligation the most frequently mentioned in the medical litigation, in addition to cases of invoking the existing theory of explanation obligation, verdicts to mention the instructions of theory regarding instruction explanation obligation and the possibility of compensation for damages on property are given. Particularly, in cases for a liability of reparation by exaggerating the effects and not disclosing the risks related to treatment with stem cells, even if the treatment not approved by Food and Drug Administration is in violation of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law, it's not illegal as violation in Pharmaceutical Affairs Law itself. But there is a certain verdict to present the possibility of an extension of the theory of explanation obligation by acknowledging the liability of reparation caused by illegal acts with no explanations of effects and risks of treatment with stem cell by doctors and pharmaceutical companies. In an incident in which a mental patient fell and died through the opened door of the roof at the hospital, a liability of reparation was acknowledged due to defects in structure installation management and this verdict drew an attention since the overall management responsibility about patients including structures was acknowledged to the hospital besides the obligations on medical practice. In case of the verdict without giving the opportunity to state the opinion with respect to the main legal issues, the responsibility of the court was emphasized since the court did not fulfill the explanation obligations. There were some cases in which payments for nursing and caring to a patient in vegetative state during the plastic surgery was admitted. However, in dental-related incidents, the proportion of cases in which plaintiff won was low since the difficulty of proving may be reflected. In the area of administrative litigation, unlike the existing position regarding arbitrary medical charge cover collected from patients in hospital, the verdict to admit the legitimacy of collection of medical treatment was given and attracted the attention of people. Verdict in which the expression related to medical advertisement was not exaggerated disposed the original verdict and pointed out the problem of excessive regulations on medical advertisement. The effort to analyze the trend of verdicts of court through reviewing the decisions and to organize should be continued, but the full decision should be disclosed as a base, and people and systems to enable the all time monitoring should be prepared.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.203-214
• /
• 2020

Nowadays, smart speakers are increasingly personalized and serve as recommendation agents for user. The aim of this study is find out effects of 'Explanation facilities' on transparency, perceived trust, user satisfaction, behavioral intentions of users to reuse, privacy risk, and quality of recommendation in the context of an interact with smart speaker's conversational agents. And we also use measurement for level of privacy concerns to see individuals's level of privacy concerns affected the assessment. The result of this study as follow; First, all measurement variable are significantly related to 'Explanation facilities' Second, perceived trust, privacy risk are significantly related to individual's level of privacy concern. This study found that 'Explanation facilities' could be applied in context of smart speaker and possibility of cognitive dissonance according to the level of privacy concerns.