The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of aroma therapy on anxiety and pain before and after tooth extraction. The subjects in this study were 60 patients who felt severe anxiety and pain due to tooth extraction. The experiment was conducted from January through March, 2004, by organizing an experimental group and a control group with 30 patients each. The experimental group was asked to keep wearing lavender-containing necklaces from two days before tooth extraction to inhale lavender, and no such an action was taken to the control group. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS 10.0 program to obtain statistical data. and ${\times}2$ test and t-test were implemented. The findings of this study were as follows: 1. Regarding whether or not the experimental and control groups were homogeneous, men outnumbered women, and the largest number of the patients were in their 30s. Those who were married were more than the others who were unmarried in number, and those who lived with their spouses under the same roof together outnumbered the others who didn't, as the rate of the former stood at 65 percent in the experimental group and 86.4 percent in the control group. They expressed high satisfaction at their spouses, since 45 percent of the experimental group and 31 percent of the control group did it, but the difference between them and those who were unsatisfied was insignificant (pE0.347). By occupation, the largest number of people in the experimental group, which numbered 16.7 percent, were self-employed, and lots of patients in the control group were government workers. As for blood type, type A was most prevailing, which recorded 43.3 percent. By religion, 43 percent of the experimental group had no religion, whereas 36.7 percent of the control group were Christian. The most common monthly income ranged from 2 million to 2.5 million won. 2. There was little disparity in past pain experience between the two groups before aroma therapy was applied. The experimental group underwent more pain (6.15) than the control group (5.78), but the difference wasn't significant. The experimental group (90%) experienced more anxiety and fear than the control group(83%), but the difference was insignificant. This fact showed that there was little gap between the two groups in anxiety and fear caused by tooth extraction. Contrary to earlier expectation that pre-anxiety might not be the same. little significant difference was found. 3. After aroma therapy was applied, 50 percent of the experimental group and 23.3 percent of the control group suffered significantly less anxiety and fear about tooth extraction(${\times}2$=4.59, pE.05). And the experimental group exposed to aroma therapy was less nervous(3.0) than the control group(4.39), and the gap between the two was significant (t=13.37, pE.001). Therefore, aroma therapy had a good effect on alleviating their anxiety. During tooth extraction. 73.3 percent of the experimental group and 93.3 percent of the control group felt pain. The former group suffered Significantly less pain(${\times}2$=4.32, PE.05). Concerning the extent of pain, the experimental group(2.53) found it less painful to have their teeth extracted than the control group(5.50), and the gap between the two was significant(t=5.89, PE.05). 4. As to the effect of aroma therapy on alleviating anxiety or fear, the experimental group(33.3%) felt that aroma therapy let them more relieved. Every member of that group was willing to use aroma therapy again in the future, and 86.7 percent of that group perceived that aroma therapy made a difference to dental treatment. The experimental group responded to aroma therapy favorably, as every member of it had an intention to advise others to use that therapy.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of elementary science instruction applying a Brain-Based Evolutionary (ABC-DEF) approach using Rapid-cycling Brassica rapa (RcBr) on the interests of elementary school students. For this study, two elementary school classes in Seoul and one elementary school class in Gyeonggi-do were selected. Comparison group received instruction using textbook and teacher's guidebook. A class taught using only brain-based evolutionary approach is experimental group A, and a class taught through brain-based evolutionary approach using RcBr is experimental group B. In order to analyze the quantitative differences about the interests of students, three kinds of test were administered to the students: 'Applied Unit-Related Interests', 'Follow-up Interests' and 'Interests in the observation material'. To get more information, qualitative data such as portfolios and interviews were analyzed. The major findings are as follows. First, for the test of applied unit-related interests, a statistically significant difference was found between comparison group and experimental group A, and between comparison group and experimental group B. As the results of interviews, the students have shown that the intensified exploration activities on plant in Brain-Based Evolutionary approach applied to experimental groups A and B had a positive effect. Second, for test of follow-up interests, we classified the students' follow-up interests into three types: extended-developed-deepened (EDD) type, simply expanded-maintained (SEM) type, and stopped or decreased (SD) type. Both experimental group A and experimental group B showed the highest percentage of EDD. Also, observation journal applying the evolutionary process (DEF) showed a positive effect on the students' interest. Comparison group showed the highest percentage of SEM. Third, for test of applied interests in the observation material, a statistically significant difference was found between comparison group and experimental group A, and comparison group and experimental group B. Experimental group B using RcBr showed the highest average score, while experimental group A showed a higher score than comparison group. Based on these findings, educational implications of Brain-Based Evolutionary approach and using RcBr are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of group music therapy on the emotional stabilisation and Self-Efficacy of juvenile delinquents. The subjects, who were from age 15 to 19 as juvenile delinquents, received juvenile protection Order one (1) and three (3) or Order (4) and were placed in custody designated by the Gwang Ju Family Court. The 24 subjects were divided into the experimental group (N=12), and the control group (N=12) at random. The experimental group was given 14 group music therapy session for 90 minutes each, two times a week, and the control group was not given any. Emotional stabilisation and the Self-Efficacy scores for each adolescent was compared before and after the experiment. Statistical methods used for data analysis were mean, the standard deviation, and the ANCOVA. Results are as follows. The experimental group was significantly increased in emotional stabilisation compared with the control group. The experimental group was significantly decreased in aggressive behavior compared and in stress compared with the control group. The experimental group was significantly increased in self-efficacy compared, in self-confidence compared and in self control efficacy compared with the control group. These results suggest that group music therapy are positive effects on improving the emotional stabilisation and the Self-Efficacy of juvenile delinquents.
Objectives: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of continuing dental care program by elementary school dental clinic in Gimcheon from 2008 to 2013. Methods: The subjects were experimental group of 152 students from three elementary schools having dental clinics and control group of 136 students from three elementary schools of no dental clinics. The six dentists in Gimcheon community health center carried out the regular dental checkups in the elementary schools and four dental hygienists recorded the dental examination results. After receiving WHO dental survey guideline education, the examiners used dental mirror and dental probe under the natural light. The contents of the survey included dental caries in the deciduous and permanent teeth, malocclusion, remaining ratio of sealant, treatment, and follow up. Results: DFT index by grade showed that 3.71 in experimental group and 4.56 in control group and it was remarkable in the 3rd grade. Thus. DFT index in the experimental group was lower than that of control group (p<0.05). DT index by grade was 0.63 in experimental group and 1.28 in control group marked in the 6th grade. DT index in the control group was higher than that of the experimental group (p<0,001). DFT index and DMFT Index by grade showed no significant difference between the control group and the experimental group. DFT and DMFT Index of the control group in the 3rd and 6th grade were lower score than those of experimental group. DFT and DMFT index in the third and 6th grade showed no significant difference between the control group and the experimental group. The remaining ratio of the sealant was 4.89 experimental group in the 6th grade. The remaining ratio of the sealant in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group. Conclusions: The continuing dental care program in the elementary school is very effective method in the treatment of oral disease in the elementary school children. The oral health care and prevention for the elementary school children should be implemented and carried out continuously.
This study was performed to prove the antioxidant activities of Cynanchum Wilfordii Hemsley(白何首烏) by way of aqua- acupuncture methods. After 10% & 20% concentrations of liquid extract of Cynanchum Wilfordii Hemsley were acupunctured on Joksamri(足三里) of rats with acute and chronic experimental oxidation by AAPH(2, 2'-azobis(aminoidinopropane), hydrochoride), various kinds of experiments were measured. The results were obtained as follows: 1. In acute antioxidant experiment, the amount of TBARS indicated irregular increase and decrease to over 68% in experiment group in comparison with normal group. 2. In the serum test of acute antioxident experiment, uric acid and total protein and albumin were significantly increased in experiment group in comparison with control group. 3. In chronic antioxident experiment, the change of body weight was significantly decreased in 20% experimental groups in comparison with control group, and only liver significantly increased in 10% & 20% experiment group. 4. In chronic antioxident experiment, total protein significantly increased in 10%, 20% experimental groups and creatinine and BUN were significantly decreased in 10% experiment group. 5. In the chronic antioxident experiment, serum GOT, GPT activity didn't show no significantly change, LDH activity was significantly increase in 10% experiment group in comparison with control group. 6. In the chronic antioxident experiment, the tolerance test with enzyme activities of erythrocyte membrane was significantly decreased in 10% & 20% experimental groups. 7. In the chronic antioxident experiment, the change of TBA was significantly decreased in 10% & 20% experimental group. 8. In the chronic antioxident experiment, the amount of cytochrome p-450 was significantly increased in 10% & 20% experimental groups in comparison with control group. 9. In the chronic antioxident experiment, the amount of cytochrome b5 was significantly increase in 20% experimental group in comparison with control group. 10. In the chronic antioxident experiment, the change of activity of superoxide dismutase, and catalase were significantly increased in 20% experiment group in comparison with control group. From the above result, it was concluded considers the liquid extract of Cynanchum Wilfordii Hemsley(白何首烏) could be used as antiaging drugs, because it delayed the aging process and retarded senility.
The purpose of this research was to study the effects of antenatal breast care on decreases in breast discomfort and increases in the breast feeding rate during the postpartum period. A nonequivalent control group posttest research design was used. The experimental group consisted of fifty -one pregnant women(primigravida) who were receiving antenatal care in the OBGYN clinics of four hospitals between March 5 and May 30, 1991. The control group was made up of seventy - five postpartum women who delivered at two hospitals OBGYN clinic and one midwife clinic between May 4 and June 15, and between September 5 and October 15, 1991. Data were collected via telephone interviews on the seventh postpartum day and at the end of the second month. Data analysis methods used frequencies and the x$^2$- test. The results were as follows : 1. The rate of breast feeding practice at two months was higher in the experimental group(70.6%) than in the control group(25.3%) (p<.01). 2. Nipple soreness in the early breast feeding period was lower in the experimental group(14.6%) than in the control group(25.3)(p<.01). 3. Severe breast discomfort in the early breast feeding period was lower in the experimental group (12.5%) than in the control group(39.2%)(P<.01). 4. There was a significant relationship between the breast feeding practice and the planned feeding method(p<.05), and between breast feeding practice and nipple soreness(p<.01) in the experimental group, and the presence of a job(p<.01), the sex of the infant(p<.05), and the first feeding time(p<.05) in the control group. 5. The reasons for unsuccessful breast feeding were a deficiency of breast milk (66.7% in the experimental group, 30.4% in the control group), poor sucking on the part of the baby(13.3% in the experimental group, 21.4% in the control group).
This study investigated the effect of situation-oriented safety education program on children's safety knowledge and safety problem-solving skill. Subjects were 51 five-year-olds(25 in the experimental group and 26 in the control group) who were enrolled in public kindergarten located in Jeon-Buk. Results were that : First, there were significant differences in the children's safety knowledge between the experimental and the control group. Children's safety knowledge in the experimental group were improved in comparison with those of the control group. Second, there were significant differences in the children's safety problem-solving skill between the experimental and the control group. Children's safety problem-solving skill in the experimental group were improved in comparison with those of the control group.
Purpose: This study investigated the effects of visual feedback during abdominal hollowing (AH) in four point kneeling position, using real-time ultrasound imaging through measurement of the changes in the thickness of transversus abdominis (TrA), internal abdominal oblique (IO), and external abdominal oblique (EO). Methods: The subjects of this study were 32 healthy males who were divided intothe experimental group of 16 subjects and the control group of 16 subjects. The real-time ultrasound feedback was applied to the experimental group while they were educated on the AH exercise in four point kneeling whereas only general education and training were given to the control group. After the training, the changes in the thickness of abdominal muscles during AH in four point kneeling were compared between the experimental group and the control group. Results: The differences of the changes in the thickness of TrA and EO between the two groups were statistically significant. Conclusion: The experimental group experienced a higher increase in the thickness of TrA than the control group while the thickness of IO and EO of the experimental.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of brainwriting instruction on students' experimental design and scientific communication ability in elementary science class. For this purpose, a brainwriting learning for science class was developed and applied. The objects of this study were the 4th graders of both an experimental class (24 students) and a comparative class (24 students) at the N elementary school located in Incheon city. The results of the study were as follows; First, as a result of examining the difference in the experimental design ability between experimental group and comparative group, the experimental group showed higher than the comparative group, it was statistically significant difference(p<.05). Second, a scientific communication ability of the experimental group after applying this program was higher, it was statistically significant differences (p<.05).
Purpose: This study was done to develop and test a palliative care program based on home care nursing. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was employed. Changes in the variables were evaluated to test effects of the developed program. Participants were patients with terminal cancer and their families receiving home care nursing from six hospitals (experimental group: 24 and control group: 22). Data collection was conducted from February to October, 2006. Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and repeated measures ANOVA were used to analyse the data. Results: Hypothesis 1, the experimental group receiving this program will experience less pain (severe, average, weak pain) than the control group, was supported. Hypothesis 2, the experimental group will have less symptom experience than the control group, was supported. Hypothesis 3, the experimental group will have higher QOL than the control group, was supported and the last hypothesis 4, family burden in the experimental group will be less than the control group, was supported. Conclusion: The home care nursing based palliative program developed in this study was found to be an effective program to reduce patient pain and symptom experience, to improve patient QOL and to decrease family burden.
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