• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2019

This paper aims to present a model of obesity and leanness based on eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism of Korean medicine. I analyzed the theory of eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism, yang transforming ki and eum forming the body on Korean medicine, and compared them with energy homeostasis by anabolism and catabolism of modern medicine. In the eum and yang theory, the metabolic process of the human body is dominated by synergism and antagonism between eum force and yang force. When the balance of eum and yang collapses, all the pathological actions of the human body appear, and in the eum and yang metabolic process, an imbalance between yang transforming ki and eum forming the body occurs. The function of yang transforming ki is reduced to ki deficiency, and the function of eum forming the body is increased to blood excess. When blood excess and ki deficiency is given, energy intake increases, energy expenditure decreases, overweight and obesity occur. On the contrary, the function of yang transforming ki is increased to ki excess, and the function of eum forming the body is decreased to blood deficiency. When ki excess and blood deficiency is done, energy intake decreases and energy expenditure increases, the body becomes leanness. When the balance of eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism collapses and becomes blood excess and ki deficiency, overweight and obesity occur, and when ki excess and blood deficiency is done, the body becomes leanness. The energy homeostasis of the human body can be explained by eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism of Korean medicine and it contains the concept of anabolism and catabolism of modern medicine.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.17-31
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to analyze the concept of physical activity. The method was based on the steps of concept analysis by Walker and Avant(1988). The result of this study were as follows； Upon the concept analysis, physical activity is defined as a series of bodily movements which is performed voluntarily by individual. The defining attributes of physical activity were a series of bodily movements, energy expenditure, goal-directedness, and self-control of the body. The antecedents of physical activity were neuromusculoskeletal function, cardiopulmonary function and cognitive function. And the consequences of physical activity were improvement of physical function, induction of fatigue, and need(physiopsychosocial) satisfaction. Further studies are needed to develop the concept of physical activity using the Hybrid model. In addition, considering personal characteristics it is important to study the facilitating factors of physical activity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.50-63
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• 1999

This study was conducted with 20 female gymnasts and 23 age-matched controls to examine the relationship of diet, menstrual function and bone mineral density (BMD). The results obtained are summarized as follows : Energy intake of gymnasts was 968.9$\pm$421.4kcal, and energy expenditure was 2091.4$\pm$361kcal showing negative energy balance(-1,122.5$\pm$534.6kcal). The average intakes of calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin did not meet the Recommended Dietary Allowances for their age groups. Mean age at menarche in gymnasts is 15.8$\pm$1.2 years compared with 11.8$\pm$2.8 years in age-matched controls. The profile of estradiol, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone was lower than age-matched controls but not significant. Athletic amenorrheic gymnasts(n=12) have the menstrual irregularity(n=10) and amenorrhea(n=2). A number of variables as such nutritional deficiency in diet, negative energy blasnce and hypogonadotropic hormonal status were included. The bone mineral density (BMD) of female gymnasts were significantly higher than controls for the lumbar neck(p<0.001), trochanter(p<0.01), and Ward's triangle(p<0.001), but there were no significant differences for the lumbar spine and forearm. The lumbar spine BMD had a positive correlation with age and lean body weight. The femoral neck BMD was significantly associated with age, group and lean body mass. The trochanter BMD had significant relationship with group, body mass index, energy expenditure and follicular stimulating hormone. Ward's triangle BMD were related to body mass index and follicular stimulating hormone. The significant association was deterced between forearm BMD and age and lean body weight. The major finding of this investigation is that the BMD of gymnasts were higher than age-matched controls despite the fact that gymnasts as a group had inadequate dietary calcium and a higher propensity to have an interruption of their menstrual cycle. These data indicate that grymnsts involved in sports producing significant impact loading on the skeleton had greater femoral neck, trochanter and Ward's triangle bone density than age-matched controls.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.21-36
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• 1996

This thesis focused on the extent of the area-by-area gap of the unit production cost that should be taken into account without exception in supply of the local public goods production cost. With the advent of the local autonomy era, what should be considered in the local governmen's production of the local public goods are the government's fiscal capacity and the environmental difference that shows up in accordance with the area's characteristics. Though with the same level of the fiscal capacity, an occurrence of environmental difference will lead inevitably to the different level of actual supply of the local public goods. The method of analysis used in this thesis was first to bring out implicit price, to combine this with induced expenditure function, to separate demand function parameter and cost function parameter, and then to analyzed the impact of environmental variables on the production cost. The environmental variables were set on the basis of the ones that affected expenditure per person of the public goods. The analysis was conducted in distinction of city areas and county areas. The results showed that, in cases of cities, more production cost of the public goods was in presence in urban areas and in areas where there was sluggish development. In other words, distinction could be drawn between areas where there was a large consumption of production cost resulting from poor environmental sparked by slow development and those where additional costs were required due to population concentration caused by a certain level of accomplished development. In the meantime, in cases of county areas, the results were around the same. However, a comparison between city areas and county ones told that overall difference between city areas was not that big in the production cost while that in county areas was large enough. In times ahead, in implementation of grant-in-aid scheme, production cost index for local public goods could be used as it was written in consideration of environmental characteristics of areas concerned.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2003

Determinants of consumption patterns of elderly couple and elderly single were investigated using the 1996 National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure by National Statistical Office. There were large differences in consumption patterns between the elderly couple and single in terms of monthly expenditures and average budget shares of individual consumption items. Consumption functions of individual items were estimated using double-log function. Major determinants of consumption functions were income, overspending behavior, educational level of householder, and net worth for both groups, householder's job status and city residence mainly for elderly couple, and age of householder mainly for elderly single. In addition, income elasticity of elderly households was larger than net worth elasticity for all consumption items.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.22 no.51
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• pp.199-210
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• 1999

The number of car accident is Recently on the increase in Korea because of the explosive increase of cars, the poor road condition, the lack of safety facility, and others. The insurant with a accident has to decide whether receiving a insurance or not. In this paper, we represent a reasonable decision support material by calculating the approximate insurance fee based on the discount rate and premium additive rate, which is changed by the accident type and the accident expenditure. Practically, there is difference in the standard insurance rate and premium additive rate according to the accident type and the accident expenditure in Korea. The premium additive rate is assessed considering the number of accident, the pattern of accident, and the reason of accident for 3 years. In this paper, we represent a decision making method considering not only the first-time car accident but also the future car accident. For considering the repeated accident, we analyzed the real data accumulated until the year of 1996 from S Insurance Company, and estimated the probability density function between the first and the second-time accident, and executed the goodness of fit test using ARENA and STATISTICA software. Using this conditional PDF, we can calculate the insurance fee next 3 years and compare the insurance fee with the equivalent present value of cash flows. The program performing this analysis is represented, and written in VISUAL BASIC Language. We tried to suggest an accurate guideline for the insurant to decide the insurance coverage rationally, and tried to correct a wrong idea of dependence on the car insurance only by the amount of the accident expenditure. And we expect this study can generally be applied to many different accident types under the uncertain circumstances in our daily life.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.167-179
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• 2018

The prevalence of patients with adult spinal deformity (ASD) has been reported as high as 68%. ASD often leads to significant pain and disability. Recent emphasis has been placed on sagittal plane balance and restoring normal sagittal alignment with regards to the three dimensional deformity of ASD. Optimal sagittal alignment has been known to increase spinal biomechanical efficiency, reduce energy expenditure by maintaining a stable posture with improved load absorption, influence better bony union, and help to decelerate adjacent segment deterioration. Increasingly positive sagittal imbalance has been shown to correlate with poor functional outcome and poor self-image along with poor psychological function. Compensatory mechanisms attempt to maintain sagittal balance through pelvic rotation, alterations in lumbar lordosis as well as knee and ankle flexion at the cost of increased energy expenditure. Restoring normal spinopelvic alignment is paramount to the treatment of complex spinal deformity with sagittal imbalance. Posterior osteotomies including posterior column osteotomies, pedicle subtraction osteotomies, and posterior vertebral column resection, as well anterior column support are well known to improve sagittal alignment. Understanding of whole spinal alignment and dynamics of spinopelvic alignment is essential to restore sagittal balance while minimizing the risk of developing sagittal decompensation after surgical intervention.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.237-255
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• 2012

We review the research literature on relationship between environmental regulation and industrial development in three aspects of environmental regulation and investment, environmental regulation and efficiency, environmental regulation and trade. Indeed, the linkage between environmental regulation and material consumption of industrial system is absent. Environmental regulation is measured as the expenditure share for industrial pollutants abatement, and effluent charge intensity. Using panel-level data from 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China, we build correlation models between material consumption and environmental regulation, results show that: (1) there are significant quadratic function relationship between material consumption and environmental regulation. And there is the fact that inflection point exists. (2) On basis of inflection points, we make two remarkable reflections. Firstly, the inflection points are the most important scale to judge reasonability and performance of regulations. Secondly, a Pareto improvement may occur when the regulations achieve a certain target. (3) Both intensities of industrial pollutants abatement expenditure and effluent charge have not yet achieved the expected target in most regions of mainland China at present. And most of regions of material consumption decreasing are distributed in western China. Main reasons lie in the impacts of industrial features as well as the regulations.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.113-122
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• 2021

This study aims to investigate the effects of fiscal policy instruments on economic growth in Jordan using annual data from 1970 to 2019, by applying the VAR model (Vector Auto regression) and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The study also examines the dynamic relationship among economic variables over time using the Granger casualty test, Impulse Response Function, and Variance Decomposition. The results show that not only the public expenditures have a positive effect on economic growth in Jordan, but also the tax revenues positively affect the economic growth in the short-run, and this is because of using the tax revenues to finance the government activities in Jordan. This effect becomes negative in the long run, and this is explained because the tax seems a source of distortions in the economy, The extreme taxes may cause huge distortions in the economy, and these distortions destroys the purchasing power, the aggregate demand, and supply. More governmental dependence on tax revenues is the main source of tax evasion and less efficiency. The effect of taxation will curb any prosperity in the economy. Therefore, the government should estimate the fair tax rates to generate sufficient revenues to finance the public expenditure required to enhance economic prosperity.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2015

This study proposes a mathematical model that can forecast national defense expenditures. The ongoing European debt crisis weighs heavily on markets; consequently, government spending in many countries will be constrained. However, a forecasting model to predict military spending is acutely needed for South Korea because security threats still exist and the estimation of military spending at a reasonable level is closely related to economic growth. This study establishes two models: an Auto-Regressive Moving Average model (ARIMA) based on past military expenditures and Transfer Function model with the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), exchange rate and consumer price index as input time series. The proposed models use defense spending data as of 2012 to create defense expenditure forecasts up to 2025.