• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2010

Among the plant specimens requested from agricultural actual places of farmers, Agency of agricultural extension services and so forth for the diagnosis of plant virus diseases in 2009, the rate of crop types was 87.5% for vegetables, 4.0% for upland crops and 3.5% for orchids. In vegetables, the crops damaged severely by viral diseases were red pepper and tomato by the infection rate of 51.6% and 26.5%, orderly. Virus species occurring vegetables were 19 and the economically important viruses were Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) with the infection rate of 33.2%, 16.9%, 16.1% and 7.4%, respectively. Rice stripe virus (RSV) occurred at the whole areas of west coast in Korea in 2009, and its incidence was 14.2% mainly on the susceptible cultivars and yield loss was estimated up to 50%. TYLCV was spread at 34 areas of Si and/or Gun, 22 areas in 2009 and 12 in 2008. Distribution of TSWV was expanded newly in 6 areas of Si and/or Gun including Gangryung, Gangwondo in 2009, and its occurrence areas were 23 Si and/or Gun after first incidence at Anyang area in 2004. Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) was incited newly at Gimcheon area in 2009 with the infection rate of 65.2%, and its soil transmission rate was 55.0% in average.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.434-438
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was performed in order to improve problems and to seek the efficient operating plan by surveying and analyzing the actual status of operating the agricultural machinery rental business supported by the government. Method: The data was collected through two times of survey targeting lease business operators and the leasing business reports published for the past 3 years ('08~'10) 120 cities and counties. Results: As a result of surveying 120 cities and counties nationwide of operating the agricultural machinery rental business, 96% of agricultural machinery rental businesses were indicated to be operated in the form of short-term rent for about 1~3 days centering on small-sized agricultural machinery and attachment for upland crop. As for the unit number of possessing rental agricultural machinery and the purchase cost, it was indicated to be greatly reduced the agricultural machinery for rice farming and to be expanded into upland crop whose mechanization is insufficient. The annual rental days ('10) are 9.5 days/unit, thereby being a little insufficient. Rental fee for 1 day is 0.2~0.8% of the initial purchase cost of agricultural machine, thereby being greatly lower compared to 2.0% (annually 10-day rent) of the proper rents, resulting in being demanded improvement. Conclusions: To be continuously driven the rental business of agricultural machinery with having the ability to propagate, it is judged to be likely to necessarily collect optimum rental fee in consideration of rental days as well as increasing the use days per unit by buying the agricultural machinery, which is secured the rental demand, and by possessing the reasonable unit number.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.769-776
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• 2022

As an aquatic plant, the lotus leaf Nelumbo nucifera is rich in polyphenols, carotenoids, and flavonoids. We analyzed the chemical (pH, acidity, sugar, alcohol), microbiological (lactic acid bacteria, yeast), and antioxidant activity of Makgeolli supplemented with 5% and 10% lotus leaf (ll) during fermentation for 7 days. The pH of the non-additive group (control) was 3.10-6.03, that of the 5% added group was 3.17-5.77, and that of the 10% added group was 3.27-5.70, which decreased significantly (P<0.05) as the fermentation time elapsed. The acidity and sugar content were 1.89-2.12% and 9.10-12.90 Brix, respectively, which were significantly higher (P<0.05) as the amount of added ll increased. The alcohol content was 5.90-7.20% and was the highest on the seventh day of fermentation. The lactic acid bacteria was 6.07-7.17 log CFU/mL, which was higher in ll Makgeolli. Yeast increased until day 3 and then decreased to 3.27-5.86 log CFU/mL. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhdrazyl) and ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical scavenging activities were higher in ll Makgeolli (DPPH 68.72-81.48%, ABTS 90.71-91.67%). In this study, the commercialization potential of ll Makgeolli was expanded by enhancing the quality and antioxidant function of Makgeolli added with ll.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.395-409
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the classification performance and applicability when land cover datasets constructed for AI training are cross validation to other areas. For study areas, Gyeongsang-do and Jeolla-do in South Korea were selected as cross validation areas, and training datasets were obtained from AI-Hub. The obtained datasets were applied to the U-Net algorithm, a semantic segmentation algorithm, for each region, and the accuracy was evaluated by applying them to the same and other test areas. There was a difference of about 13-15% in overall classification accuracy between the same and other areas. For rice field, fields and buildings, higher accuracy was shown in the Jeolla-do test areas. For roads, higher accuracy was shown in the Gyeongsang-do test areas. In terms of the difference in accuracy by weight, the result of applying the weights of Gyeongsang-do showed high accuracy for forests, while that of applying the weights of Jeolla-do showed high accuracy for dry fields. The result of land cover classification, it was found that there is a difference in classification performance of existing datasets depending on area. When constructing land cover map for AI training, it is expected that higher quality datasets can be constructed by reflecting the characteristics of various areas. This study is highly scalable from two perspectives. First, it is to apply satellite images to AI study and to the field of land cover. Second, it is expanded based on satellite images and it is possible to use a large scale area and difficult to access.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: The golden apple snail(GAS, Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck) is an invasive freshwater snail. It has occurred 34 years since the introduction of the GAS to the Korea. The GASs have been used recently for weed control in wet rice cultivation. The GASs'adaptability to the environment of GAS has been improved and the GASs devour the young stage of the crops as well as weeds. METHODS AND RESULTS: We surveyed the survival area of the snails throughout the country during the winter seasons from 2000 to 2017 and crop damage due to GASs in 2017. Local maximum, minimum, and average air temperatures were monitored daily. The surveyed regions for the survival of the GASs in winters were Gangjin, Goheung, Shinan, Haenam, Gimhae, Haman, Busan, Jeju, and Seogwipo. The survival durations at low temperatures were 12 hours at $-5^{\circ}C$, 1 day at $-3^{\circ}C$, 2 days at $-1^{\circ}C$, 10 days at $0^{\circ}C$, and over 30 days at $3^{\circ}C$. The eggs of GASs were not able to overwinter. The overwintering condition of the GAS needed a water depth of 10-20 cm with well formed mud. Crop damages caused by the overwintering GASs occurred in rice and water dropwort. CONCLUSION: The overwintering GAS was first identified in Haenam, South Korea 2000 after introduction of the GAS. The overwintering area of GAS expanded to the mid-southern parts of Korea. We propose that it has not yet become a pest to rice or any other crop.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 1972

The rice qualities including cooking and eating qualities were studied using recommended Korean rice varieties (20 of japonica and 3 of indies type; IR 667) which were grown at Suwon, Korea in 1971. As the result, followings were obtained. 1. Amylose contents of white rice were varied with the varieties 21.1 to 25.5% and the average was 23.0%. Three indica type varieties (IR 667) showed higher amylose contents than the other japonica type varieties except Mankyung. Among japonica type varieties, Palkum, Mankyung composed the group of the highest amyloes content and Kimmaje was the lowest. 2. Blue values were distributed in the range of 0.38 to 0.48 and the average was 0.42 IR 667 varieties showed the highest blue value among them. Among japonica type varieties, Jaegun showd the highest blue value and Sooseung, Shirogane showed successively lower values, Shin #2, Nongbaik, Palkweng, Suwon #82, Mankyung, Nonglim #25 and Nongkwang relatively lower blue values. 3. Alkali numbers were in the range of 6.0 to 7.4 and the average was 6.8. Much difference was not shown in alkali number between IR 667 group and the japonica varieties group. 4. Gelatinization temperature were ranged from 59.5 to 64.0 IR 667 varieties showed relatively higher gelatinization temperature than japonica type varieties. 5. Water uptake ratios were measured in the range of 2.67 to 2.92 and the average was 2.79. IR 667 varieties were belonged to the group of highest water uptake ratio. Among japonica type varieties Kimmaje, Suwon #82, Nonglim #29, Deungpan #5, Jaegun, Jinhung, were belonged to the group of relatively high water uptake ratio and Palkweng, Palkeum and Paldal to the relatively low water uptake ratio. 6. Expaned volums were ranged from 29.8 to 33.7 and the average was 31.8. IR 667 varieties showed higher expanded volumes than japonica type varieties. 7. Intensities of starch-iodine blue value of residual liquid indicated 0.35 to 0.58. Among them IR 667 varieties showed relatively high intensities. 8. The range of total solids in residual liquids was 0.605 to 0.810 and the average was 0.700 Much difference was not shown in total solids in residual liquid between IR 667 varieties and japonica varieties. 9. pH values of residual liquids were in the range of 6.3 to 7.3 and the average was 6.95. IR 667 varieties showed lower pH than japonira type varieties.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.313-321
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• 2011

The Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) revised the Health Functional Food Act in 2008 and extended the form of health functional foods to general food types. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate consumers' perceptions of the expanded form of health functional food and to predict consumption patterns. For this study, 1,006 male and female adults aged 19 years and older were selected nationwide by multi-stage stratified random sampling and were surveyed in 1:1 interviews. The questionnaire survey was conducted by Korea Gallup. The subjects consisted of 497 (49.4%) males and 509 (50.6%) females. About 57.9% of the subjects recognized the KFDA's permission procedures for health functional foods. Regarding the health functional foods that the subjects had consumed, red ginseng products were the highest (45.3%), followed by nutritional supplements (34.9%), ginseng products (27.9%), lactobacillus-containing products (21.0%), aloe products (20.3%), and Japanese apricot extract products (18.4%). Opinions on expanding the form of health functional foods to general food types scored 4.7 points on a 7-point scale, showing positive responses. In terms of the effects of medicine-type health functional foods versus generic health functional foods, the highest response was 'same effects if the same ingredients are contained' at a rate of 34.7%. For intake frequency by food type, the response of 'daily consistent intake' was 31.7% for capsules, tablets, and pills, and 21.7% for extracts. For general food types, 'daily consistent intake' was 44.5% for rice and 22.8% for beverages, which were higher rates than those for medicine types. From the above results, consumers had positive opinions of the expansion of health functional foods to generic forms but are not expected to maintain accurate intake frequencies or amounts. Thus, continuous promotion and education are needed for proper intake of generic health functional foods.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.122-142
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• 2012

The importance of rainfed areas and animal agriculture on productivity enhancement and food security for economic rural growth in Asia is discussed in the context of opportunities for increasing potential contribution from them. The extent of the rainfed area of about 223 million hectares and the biophysical attributes are described. They have been variously referred to inter alia as fragile, marginal, dry, waste, problem, threatened, range, less favoured, low potential lands, forests and woodlands, including lowlands and uplands. Of these, the terms less favoured areas (LFAs), and low or high potential are quite widely used. The LFAs are characterised by four key features: i) very variable biophysical elements, notably poor soil quality, rainfall, length of growing season and dry periods, ii) extreme poverty and very poor people who continuously face hunger and vulnerability, iii) presence of large populations of ruminant animals (buffaloes, cattle, goats and sheep), and iv) have had minimum development attention and an unfinished wanting agenda. The rainfed humid/sub-humid areas found mainly in South East Asia (99 million ha), and arid/semi-arid tropical systems found in South Asia (116 million ha) are priority agro-ecological zones (AEZs). In India for example, the ecosystem occupies 68% of the total cultivated area and supports 40% of the human and 65% of the livestock populations. The area also produces 4% of food requirements. The biophysical and typical household characteristics, agricultural diversification, patterns of mixed farming and cropping systems are also described. Concerning animals, their role and economic importance, relevance of ownership, nomadic movements, and more importantly their potential value as the entry point for the development of LFAs is discussed. Two examples of demonstrated success concern increasing buffalo production for milk and their expanded use in semi-arid AEZs in India, and the integration of cattle and goats with oil palm in Malaysia. Revitalised development of the LFAs is justified by the demand for agricultural land to meet human needs e.g. housing, recreation and industrialisation; use of arable land to expand crop production to ceiling levels; increasing and very high animal densities; increased urbanisation and pressure on the use of available land; growing environmental concerns of very intensive crop production e.g. acidification and salinisation with rice cultivation; and human health risks due to expanding peri-urban poultry and pig production. The strategies for promoting productivity growth will require concerted R and D on improved use of LFAs, application of systems perspectives for technology delivery, increased investments, a policy framework and improved farmer-researcher-extension linkages. These challenges and their resolution in rainfed areas can forcefully impact on increased productivity, improved livelihoods and human welfare, and environmental sustainability in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.6
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• pp.652-660
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• 2007

The study was intended to investigate the changes of construction types of 216 non-national forest roads, which were completed between 1989 and 2005 in Jeollabuk-do, by analyzing their drawing and specification. It was found that the mean length of yearly construction has been significantly reduced after the Policy of Green Forest Roads compared with before the policy. Soil cut-off of earth work was changed from bulldozer to a combination of bulldozer and excavator. Soils were transported by truck in all design, but establishment of spoil-bank was not designed at all. The design of slope revegetation works was developed from turfing and Bastard indigo planting to seed spray, combination of seed spray and belt-sodding, and mulching with coir net and rice straw. In design of the culvert, the average interval of culvert installation was reduced to 92m in step 3, the dimension of culverts was expanded to over 600 mm after step 2, and all drainpipes were corrugated steel pipes. The design length of concrete pavement increased from 40 m/km of step 1 to 240 m/km of step 3. Thanks to the enormously increased amount of concrete pavement, the stability and functionality of forest roads could be improved. Stone masonry was the main work drawn for slope stability, and concrete retaining wall and gabion have been drawn for same object since 1999.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.340-348
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to develop new method for the manufacture of Yukwa, a Korean oil-puffed rice snack with a soft texture, using a far infrared ray electric roaster. The Yukwa base is traditionally expanded using oil, but the Yukwa base tends to develop unpleasant rancid odors or off-flavors during storage. In this study, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of mugwort powder was evaluated. Baked and fried Yukwa samples were added with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% of mugwort powder and left untreated as a control, and then tested for moisture content, expansion rate, color, hardness, and sensory evaluations. The samples with higher concentrations of mugwort powder, evidenced a more profound tendency toward DPPH radical scavenging activity. The moisture content of Yukwa dough tended to increase with the addition of mugwort powder. As the mugwort powder content increased, the moisture contents of the Yukwa base and the Baked Yukwa increased. The moisture content and expansion rates of the fried Yukwa did not differ significantly. The samples containing the mugwort power evidenced a lower expansion rate than was observed in the control group. The lightness of the baked and fried Yukwa was reduced with increased mugwort powder content. The greenness of the baked and fried Yukwa was at a minimum upon the addition of 2.0% mugwort powder. The yellowness of the baked Yukwa did not differ significantly between the samples. As the mugwort powder content increased, the yellowness of the fried Yukwa increased. The hardness of the baked and fried Yukwa tended to increase with the addition of mugwort powder. In the sensory evaluations, the baked Yukwa scored higher than the fried Yukwa, and all of the sensory characteristics of baked Yukwa scored highest in the samples without mugwort powder, but also scored fairly well with 1.0 and 1.5% mugwort powder. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that 1.0～1.5% of mugwort powder should be added to Yukwa baked in a far infrared ray electrical roaster in order to optimize physiological functions and keep overall acceptability reasonably high.