• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.114-118
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• 2015

Background: The reduction of orbital blowout fracture primarily aims to normalize the extra-ocular movement by returning the herniated orbital soft tissue into the original position, and to prevent enophthalmos by normalizing the orbital cavity volume. We introduce a balloon catheter-assisted orbital floor reduction technique. Methods: A retrospective review was performed for all patients with orbital floor fracture who underwent the technique described in the main body of this text. Medical records were reviewed for demographic data, clinical presentation and course, degree of enophthalmos, intraorbital volume on computed tomography scan, and postoperative outcomes. The enophthalmos and intraorbital volume of the injured site were compared to the uninjured eye and orbit. Results: The review identified 14 patients (11 male, 3 female). The mean preoperative difference in en-exopthalmos was 2.13 mm, while the mean orbital volume was 116%. The mean postoperative difference in en-exophthalmos had improved to 0.61 mm with a mean orbital volume of 101.85%. At the time of catheter removal at 10 days, three patients experienced diplopia (n=1), extra-ocular movement disorder (1), or enophthalmos (1). All of these had resolved by the 6-month follow-up visit. Conclusion: Balloon catheter-assisted reduction of the orbital floor fractures was associated with improvements in intraorbital volume and enopthalmos in the 14 patients. Notable complications included diplopia, enophthalmos, and limited extra-ocular movement, all of which were transient in the early postoperative period and had resolved by 6-month follow up.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.183-193
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• 2018

Objectives : In Traditional Korean Medicine, Epimedium koreanum Nakai has diverse pharmacological activities to treat impotence, forgetfulness, cataract and exophthalmos. Present study investigated anti-fibrogenic effects of E. koreanum water extract (EKE) in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Methods : To study anti-fibrogenic effects of EKE, LX-2 cells, a human immortalized HSCs, were pre-treated with $3-300{\mu}g/mL$ of EKE, and then subsequently exposed to 5 ng/mL of transforming growth $factor-{\beta}1$ ($TGF-{\beta}1$). Expression level of ${\alpha}-smooth$ muscle actin was determined by immunoblot analysis. Phosphorylation of Smad, transactivation of Smad, and expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were monitored to investigate the effect of EKE on $TGF-{\beta}1-mediated$ signaling pathway. Results : Up to $100{\mu}g/mL$, EKE did not show any cytotoxicity on LX-2 cells. Pre-treatment of EKE ($100{\mu}g/mL$) significantly inhibited ${\alpha}-smooth$ muscle actin expression induced by $TGF-{\beta}1$. In addition, EKE significantly decreased Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylations, Smad binding element-driven luciferase activity and PAI-1 expression by $TGF-{\beta}1$. Of three flavonoid compounds found in EKE, only quercertin ($30{\mu}M$) attenuated $TGF-{\beta}1-mediated$ PAI-1 expression. Conclusion : These results suggest that EKE has an ability to suppress fibrogenic process in HSCs via inhibition of $TGF-{\beta}1/Smad$ signaling pathway.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.917-922
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• 2002

An unbalanced translocation is frequently the result of inheritance of an unbalanced haploid set from a parent with a balanced translocation. Families in which one parent is a balanced translocation carrier fall into the following classes : Those in which none of the possible abnormal offsprings is viable; Those in which one type of offspring, usually the one with the smaller deletion, is born alive; Those in which two types of abnormal offspring are viable. We report a neonate whose karyotype was 46,XX,der(2)t(2;7)(q21;p21.2),der(20)t(2;20)(q21;p13). She was small for her gestational age and had multiple anomalies such as exophthalmos, corneal opacity, short neck, tongue tie, clinodactyly, atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and ventriculomegaly. Moreover, her mother's karyotype was 46,XX,der(2)t(2;7)(q21;p21.2),del(16)(q22.1),der(20)t(2;20)(q21;p13) but her father had normal karyotype. The same derivative chrosomes were found between mother and her infant, except for del(16)(q22.1) in her mother and these same unbalanced translocations in a two-generation family are extremely rare.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.473-477
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• 2010

Organized hematoma of the maxillary sinus is a rare, nonneoplastic benign lesion with locally destructive behavior that may mimic a malignancy. Clinically, symptoms do not usually occur while the lesion remains localized to the maxillary sinus. Because there is gradual enlargement of the lesion causing erosion and displacement of the adjacent bony structures, symptoms such as epistaxis, cheek swelling, nasal obstruc-tion, headache, and exophthalmos become manifest. Radiologically, unilateral cases are much more fre-quent than bilateral, and Waters' view shows complete opacity of the expanded maxillary sinus and some masses. CT scan shows a large heterogeneous enhancing mass causing considerable expansion of the max-illary sinus with bony erosion. On MR imaging, the mass usually has a variable signal intensity on T1- and T2- weighted images, ranging from low to high. After contrast administration, discrete areas of enhance-ment are present within the mass. Although the disease is essentially benign and nonneoplastic, differen-tial diagnosis from neoplastic disease including malignancy both clinically and radiologically has been always problematic. Accurate preoperative diagnosis of organized hematoma of the maxillary sinus is important to avoid unnecessary extensive surgery, because this condition is curative with a simple, conservative surgical approach and rarely recur. Organized hematoma of the maxillary sinus should be included in the differential diagnosis when patients have recurrent epistaxis, slow-growing mass of the cheek, nasal obstruction, and expansile mass in the maxillary sinus. A 33-year-old man was referred to the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery with a three-month history of slowly growing painful swelling of the left cheek. The mass of the maxillary sinus was resected by a Caldwell-Luc approach. Histopahtoly showed only a fibous encapsulated organized hematoma. To our knowledge, organized hematoma of the maxillary sinus has not been previously described in the Korean literature of the oral and maxillofacial surgery. We report a case of organized hematoma of the maxillary sinus presenting with an enlarging maxillary sinus mass.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.361-365
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• 2006

A spayed female, 5-year-old, weighing 2.7 kg, domestic short hair cat was referred to Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Seoul National University. The clinical signs of this patient were weight loss, sneezing, respiratory distress, nasal discharge, epistaxis, ocular discharge, left exophthalmos, and left facial edema and deformity. The laboratory tests represented mild leukocytosis. On the skull radiographs, soft tissue density filled nasal cavity with loss of turbinate detail was found. Destructive and lytic changes of the left nasal bone with soft tissue swelling were identified. On the thorax radiographs, there were a tracheobronchial lymph node swelling and a soft tissue round mass in the left caudal lung field. On computed tomographic scan images, asymmetrical destruction of turbinate and nasal septum and increased soft tissue opacity in the nasal cavity were identified. Destruction of the lateral maxillary bone, invasion to the left retrobulbar region, and craniodorsal deviation of the left eye were seen. Also, there was lysis of hard palate and cribriform plate. Invasion to the brain was found. The patient was diagnosed as nasal lymphoma by cytology and histopathology.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1-24
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• 1982

Several recent advances in our knowledge of thyroid physiology have broad application to the diagnosis and management of thyroid disorders. For in the thyroid, more than other endocrine organs, pathophysiology can be translated directly into the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease. Graves' disease is a syndrome including goiter with hyperthyroidism, exophthalmos and dermopathy. The pathogenesis of Graves' disease is not yet clearly identified, but various autoantibodies to the thyroid gland and immunopathologic studies indicate that autoimmune processes are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. The diagnosis and management of Graves' disease are largely dependent on radionuclide techniques as radioimmunoassay, radioactive iodine therapy and so on. Several laboratory tests are also developed to determine the remission of this disase including TRH stimulation test, $T_3$ suppression test and detection of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins. Autoimmune thyroiditis is almost certainly a primary immunologic disease and the incidence tends to increase recently, mainly due to the application of biopsy technique in thyroid diseases. Thyroid nodules have been a great challenge to physicians because of the possibility of malignancy. But recently, cytologic examination of thyroid aspirate provides a very simple and also reliable diagnostic method in patients with thyroid nodules. In 163 patients with thyroid nodules, only 19.3% was revealed to be malignant. Therefore cytologic examination of thyroid aspirate and thyroid biopsy should be included in the diagnosis of nodular patients prior to surgical intervention. In this paper, a comprehensive review is presented on the pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory findings and therapeutic modalities of various thyroid diseases on the basis of over 80 researches performed during the past 20 years at radioisotope clinic, Seoul National University Hospital.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.659-662
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• 2006

Purpose: Alloplastic implants, such as methylmethacrylate, Teflon, silicone, Supramid are commonly used to cover the floor defect and to prevent reherniation of the displaced orbital tissue in orbital floor fracture. Silicone implant has been used for reconstruction of orbital wall defects because of pliability, advantage of carving and chemically inert nature. However, silicone implant also has complications including infection, extrusion, pain, dystopia and tissue reaction. Cyst formation around the silicone implant is a very rare complication. According to many reports, cysts around alloplastic implant in an orbital area are mostly hemorrhagic cysts consisted of blood breakdown product with fibrous capsule cell in histologic examination. Methods: The authors report atypical case and successful treatment of intraorbital hemorrhagic cyst around silicone implant of a 37-year-old male patient. Results: Preoperative symptoms of diplopia, exophthalmos, proptosis, vertical dystopia and ectropion of lower eyelid were resolved after surgical removal of implants with surrounding capsule. Conclusion: Clinical suspicion of plastic surgeon is important in diagnosis of intraorbital cyst of patients who have history of silicone implantation and computed tomography is the standard tool of diagnosis. During the operation, caution must be taken on delivering the whole capsule of intraorbital cyst along with silicone implant to prevent recurrence of the cyst.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.2341-2346
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• 2017

The relative position of the eyeballs in the orbit can be a criterion for estimating multiple pathological conditions. Especially, it is useful to diagnose orbital fracture, thyroid eye disease, orbital tumor, and to evaluate the result of drug and surgical treatment. The Hertel and Naugle exophthalmometer, which are the most commonly used measuring instruments for measuring the prominence of the eye, are different from each other. Even if the same examiner repeatedly measures, it is inevitable. Also, even if the same exophthalmometer is different from the manufacturing company, the design of the fixed part of the orbit is different, and a measurement error is caused by the inspectors. In this paper, we propose a method of automatic measurement that can increase the accuracy and repeatability of measurement of exophthalmos using white light scanning interferometer, which is a 3D image measurement technique.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.233-236
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• 2018

A 13-year-old spayed female Beagle dog was referred with high intraocular pressure, hyperemia, and exophthalmos of the left eye and underwent ultrasound, which revealed a mass in the ciliary body of the left eye. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was ordered to evaluate invasion of surrounding structures and metastasis to the brain via the optic nerve. On MR imaging, a single, well-defined, smoothly marginated, triangular-to-oval-shaped mass was found. The mass was hyperintense on T1-weighted images and hypointense on T2-weighted images, similar to a previous case of ocular melanoma. The mass originated from the ciliary body and extended from the anterior chamber to the posterior chamber. Slight enhancement was observed in the mass. There was no evidence of invasion into surrounding structures or the optic nerve, and no sign of metastasis to the brain. The mass was histopathologically diagnosed as benign uveal melanocytoma.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.87-90
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• 2009

Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome is characterized by dysmorphic features, cardiac anomalies, and cutaneous abnormalities. CFC syndrome belongs to the class of Noonan-related diseases. CFC syndrome can be clinically differentiated from other Noonan-related diseases by the distinct craniofacial features of sparse hair, a hypoplastic supraorbital ridge, exophthalmos and nystagmus, and skin manifestations such as ichthyosis and hyperkeratosis. However, phenotypes can overlap among Noonan-related syndromes, including CFC syndrome. Recently, several genes in the RAS-MAPK pathway have been identified as disease-causing genes for Noonan-related diseases. Here, we report on a Korean girl diagnosed with CFC syndrome caused by a V-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) gene mutation, and we discuss the phenotype-genotype heterogeneities in Noonan syndrome and Noonan-related diseases.