• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2018

Recent findings indicate that Type 2 taste receptors (T2Rs) are expressed outside the gustatory system, including in the gastrointestinal tracts and the exocrine glands, such as the submandibular (SM), parotid (P), lacrimal (L) glands and pancreas (PC). Specifically, T2Rs are found in some of the gastrointestinal endocrine cells, and these cells secreted peptide hormones in response to stimulation by bitter-tasting compounds. The results show that T2Rs may have significant physiological roles besides bitter taste reception. The functions of the T2Rs in the exocrine glands remain poorly understood. An expression levels analysis of T2Rs will help to determine those functions in the exocrine glands. The expression levels of the T2Rs in the exocrine glands were discovered via the qPCR. C57BL/6J mice of 42~60-day-old were used. Messenger RNAs were extracted from S, P, L and PC. Cloned DNAs were synthesized by reverse transcription. Quantitative PCRs were performed using the SYBR Green method. The expression levels of the T2Rs were calculated as relative expression levels to that of the GAPDH. The statistical significance among the observed exocrine glands was tested using the variance analysis (ANOVA test). Tas2r108, out of murine 35 T2Rs, was the most highly expressed in every observed exocrine gland. This finding was similar to previous results from tongue papillae, but the expression levels were lower than those of the tongue papillae. Tas2r137 of SM, P, L and PC were expressed a little lower than that of tongue papillae. The T2Rs in the exocrine glands may play slightly different roles from those in the tongue. We suggest that physiological studies such as a patch clamp and functional $Ca^{2+}$ imaging of acinar cells are necessary for understanding the Tas2r108 functions.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.13 no.1 s.21
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• pp.29-33
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• 1977

Effects of 50% glucose solution on pancreatic exocrine function were studied in rat, rabbit and cat. The alterations during the resting state, the continuous intravenous infusion of secretin and the infusion of secretin with CCK-PZ were determined. 1) No change of pancreatic secretion in rat was observed by intragastric administration of the hypertonic glucose solution. 2) Intragastric administration of the hypertonic glucose solution in rabbit produced the inhibitory effect on pancreatic secretion during secretion infusion. 3) While secretin with CCK-PZ were infused continuously, intragastric administration of the hypertonic glucose solution revealed the marked inhibitory effect on pancrcreatic secretion in cat. Oral administration of the hypertonic glucose solution produced no significant inhibition in the resting gland but markedly depressed the pancreatic flow and enzyme concentration in the secretin or CCK-PZ stimulated gland. It is felt that the inhibitory response of exocrine pancreas induced by intragastric hytertonic glucose solution is resulted in interaction between secretory hormone and gastric mucosal factor possibly enteroglucagon.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.144-148
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• 2000

Sjogren's syndrome is a chronic inflammatory disease that predominantly affects salivary, lacrimal and other exocrine glands. We report a case of Sjogren's syndrome combined with MALT (mucose associated lymphoid tissue) lymphoma which occured in the parotid gland. A 57-year-old female with the complaint of painful swelling and lymph node enlargement was referred to our department. Sialograms of both parotid glands showed globular collections of contrast material uniformly distributed throughout the parotid gland. Salivary scintigraphy showed decreased uptake of the parotid gland. CT scan showed larger, slightly more dense parotid gland than normal and honeycomb glandular appearance. Also, It showed discrete, slightly more enhanced round mass in the left parotid gland. Histopathological finding showed replacement of salivary gland parenchyma with dense small lymphocytic infiltration having the feature of epimyoepithelial islands. Kappa light chain restriction of interglandular plasma cell could be seen.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.69-75
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• 2015

Purpose: Salivary fluid formation is primarily driven by Ca2+-activated, apical efflux of chloride into the lumen of the salivary acinus. The anoctamin1 protein is an anion channel with properties resembling the endogenous calcium-activated chloride channels. In order to better understand the role of anoctamin proteins in salivary exocrine secretion, the expression of the ten members of the anoctamin gene family in the mouse submandibular gland was studied. Methods: Total RNA extracted from mouse submandibular salivary glands was reverse transcribed using primer pairs to amplify the full-length coding regions of each anoctamin gene and was subcloned into plasmid vectors for DNA sequencing. Alternative splice variants were also screened by polymerase chain reaction using primer pairs that amplified six overlapping regions of the complementary DNA of each anoctamin gene, spanning multiple exons. Results: Multiple anoctamin transcripts were found in the mouse submandibular salivary gland, including full-length transcripts of anoctamin1, anoctamin3, anoctamin4, anoctamin5, anoctamin6, anoctamin9, and anoctamin10. Exon-skipping splicing in the N-terminal exons of the anoctamins1, anoctamin5, and anoctamin6 genes resulted in multiple alternative splice variants. No expression of anoctamin2, anoctamin7, or anoctamin8 was found. Conclusions: The predominant anoctamin transcript expressed in the mouse submandibular gland is anoctamin1ac. The chloride channel protein produced by anoctamin1ac is likely responsible for the $Ca^{2+}$-activated chloride efflux, which is the rate-limiting step in salivary exocrine secretion.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Sericultural Science Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.136-136
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• 2002

No Abstract, See Full Text

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2023

Sjögren syndrome (SS) is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease that involves exocrine glands. Shikonin is extracted from comfrey, which is conventionally used as an anti-tumor, antibacterial, and antiviral drug in China. However, the application of Shikonin in SS remains unreported. This study aimed to verify the potential functions of Shikonin in SS progression. Firstly, non-obese diabetic mice were used as the SS mouse model, with C57BL/6 mice serving as the healthy control. It was demonstrated that the salivary gland damage and inflammation were aggravated in the SS mouse model. Shikonin improved salivary gland function decline and injury in the SS mouse model. Moreover, Shikonin reduced inflammatory cytokines and immune infiltration in the SS mouse model. Further experiments discovered that Shikonin attenuated the MAPK signaling pathway in the SS mouse model. Lastly, inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway combined with Shikonin treatment further alleviated the symptoms of SS. In conclusion, Shikonin ameliorated salivary gland damage and inflammation in a mouse model of SS by modulating the MAPK signaling pathway. Our findings indicate that Shikonin may be a useful drug for SS treatment.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.1089-1093
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• 2000

Adenoid cystic carcinoma(ACC) is a rare malignant tumor that occurs in exocrine glands such as major and minor salivary glands, lacrimal glands, ceruminal glands. It has a tendency for delayed distant metastasis and long clinical course. ACC of the lacrimal gland is generally found in adults and is usually managed by radical orbitectomy and supplemental external beam irradiation. The authors present two cases of recurrent lacrimal gland ACC with review of the literature.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.469-481
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• 1993

Gametic biotechnologies involve the procedures which are utilized for procuring reproductive success through the mimicry of in vivo events as in in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer etc. With the realization that the oviduct performs most of the procedures mimicked in vitro under normal in vivo situations, the need to master the oviduct therefore, becomes paramount. The oviduct being an exocrine gland (with its output of glycoproteins) and possibly an ecdocrine gland must be implicated in all the preimplantational procedures of reproduction, which include ovulation, oocyte maturation, sperm capacitation, gametic and embryonal nutrition, fertilization, and implantation. The evidences in the literature for the implication of the oviduct in these processes are examined. It is concluded that there is a need for the mastery of oviductual activity in order to maximize the successes of the procedures in vitro, and provide gametic manipulations which will have high success rates in implantation that is the ultimate after of in vitro fertilization for reproductive success.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.159-163
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• 1982

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) found in duodenal mucosa originally has been suggested as a neurotransmitter. Its localization, however, now known, is not limited to the gastrointestinal tract, but scattered at many different kinds of tissues, smooth muscles, endocrine gland and exocrine gland as well as central and peripheral neural tissues. To investigate the effect of VIP on renal function, an experiment has been done in anesthetized male rats. The results obtained were: 1) Urinary output and creatinine clearance decreased significantly during the period of infusion of VIP, 2.0ug/rat/7minutes. 2) Urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and chloride decreased but without significance by infusion of VIP. 3) Blood pressure, systolic and diastolic, decreased by VIP administered intravenously in the period of infusion. 4) Changes of urinary output, sodium and chloride excretion was correlated with changes of creatinine clearance. The above data suggest that VIP administered intravenously can suppress the renal hemodynamics indirectly, and also decrease electrolyte excretion through its renal hemodynamic change.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2008

Laser light microscopy enables observation of various simultaneously occurring events in living cells. This capability is important for monitoring the spatiotemporal patterns of the molecular interactions underlying such events. Two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy (two-photon microscopy), a technology based on multiphoton excitation, is one of the most promising candidates for such imaging. The advantages of two-photon microscopy have spurred wider adoption of the method, especially in neurological studies. Multicolor excitation capability, one advantage of two-photon microscopy, has enabled the quantification of spatiotemporal patterns of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ and single episodes of fusion pore openings during exocytosis. In pancreatic acinar cells, we have successfully demonstrated the existence of "sequential compound exocytosis" for the first time, a process which has subsequently been identified in a wide variety of secretory cells including exocrine, endocrine and blood cells. Our newly developed method, the two-photon extracellular polar-tracer imaging-based quantification (TEPIQ) method, can be used for determining fusion pores and the diameters of vesicles smaller than the diffraction-limited resolution. Furthermore, two-photon microscopy has the demonstrated capability of obtaining cross-sectional images from deep layers within nearly intact tissue samples over long observation times with excellent spatial resolution. Recently, we have successfully observed a neuron located deeper than 0.9 mm from the brain cortex surface in an anesthetized mouse. This microscopy also enables the monitoring of long-term changes in neural or glial cells in a living mouse. This minireview describes both the current and anticipated capabilities of two-photon microscopy, based on a discussion of previous publications and recently obtained data.