• Endocrinology and Metabolism
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.435-444
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• 2018

The prevalence of chronic diseases including osteoporosis and sarcopenia increases as the population ages. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are commonly associated with genetics, mechanical factors, and hormonal factors and primarily associated with aging. Many older populations, particularly those with frailty, are likely to have concurrent osteoporosis and sarcopenia, further increasing their risk of disease-related complications. Because bones and muscles are closely interconnected by anatomy, metabolic profile, and chemical components, a diagnosis should be considered for both sarcopenia and osteoporosis, which may be treated with optimal therapeutic interventions eliciting pleiotropic effects on both bones and muscles. Exercise training has been recommended as a promising therapeutic strategy to encounter the loss of bone and muscle mass due to osteosarcopenia. To stimulate the osteogenic effects for bone mass accretion, bone tissues must be exposed to mechanical load exceeding those experienced during daily living activities. Of the several exercise training programs, resistance exercise (RE) is known to be highly beneficial for the preservation of bone and muscle mass. This review summarizes the mechanisms of RE for the preservation of bone and muscle mass and supports the clinical evidences for the use of RE as a therapeutic option in osteosarcopenia.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.355-361
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate whether genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 and lifestyle habits (smoking, drinking, and exercise) modulate the levels of urinary styrene metabolites such as mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) after occupational exposure to styrene. We recruited 79 male workers who had received chronic exposure in styrene fiberglass-reinforced plastic manufacturing factories. We found that serum albumin was significantly correlated with blood styrene/ambient styrene (BS/AS), urinary styrene (US)/AS, and US/BS ratios as well as urinary metabolites, that total protein correlated with US/MA and US/PGA ratios, and that low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol significantly correlated with US/BS, US/MA, and US/PGA ratios. Multiple logistic regression analyses using styrene-metabolizing enzyme genotypes and lifestyle habits as dependent variables and blood and urine styrene concentrations and urine styrene metabolite levels as independent variables revealed that $CYP2E1^*5$ was associated with the MA/US ratio and GSTM1 with US/BS, that a smoking habit was associated with US/AS and MA/US ratios and MA and PGA levels, and that regular exercise was correlated with PGA/US. In conclusion, the results suggested that genetic polymorphisms of styrene-metabolizing enzymes, lifestyle behaviors, and albumin and LDL-cholesterol serving as homeostasis factors together are involved in styrene metabolism.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.546-554
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise programs in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Method: Two investigators systematically searched and reviewed English articles from PUBMED from 1988 to 2004, selecting randomized controlled trials on structured exercise programs for DM patients. Out of 87 studies identified, a meta analysis was done for eleven studies which satisfied inclusion criteria and focused on glycemic indices, lipid indices, and cardiac function indices. Results: The means and standard deviations were compared for experimental groups that received exercise-only or exercise and diet programs and control groups that received no intervention or only diet education. The groups were considered homogeneous as the p value of the Q score in each variable group was over 0.05. The experimental groups demonstrated a moderate positive effect on HbA,c and $VO_{2max}$ (d=0.55 & 0.5), and a small positive effect on fasting blood glucose and cholesterol (d=0.38 & 0.27) compared to the control groups. HDL and LDL cholesterol levels, however, showed a very low positive effect (d=0.11 & 0.12) in the experimental groups. Aerobic exercise was more beneficial than resistance exercise on $HbA_1c$ (d=0.59 vs 0.28) in the groups. Conclusions: Regular exercise has a positive effect on $HbA_1c$, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and $VO_{2max}$ in Type 2 diabetic patients.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2013

Objective: To determine the energy consumed and muscle use during dance compared to different standard exercise devices. Design: Longitudinal study. Methods: Fifteen female subjects were evaluated to assess the energy cost and muscle activity during a 20 minute dance video compared to treadmill, elliptical track and bicycle ergometry. The later 3 forms of exercise were accomplished in four, 5 minute bouts at different intensities of exercise. Subjects were in the age range of 22-24 years old, were free of cardiovascular disease and did not have any neurological injuries. They were not sedentary and exercised at least twice a week. During the exercise, muscle activity was measured by the electromyogram recorded by surface electrodes on 6 muscle groups. A Cosmed metabolic cart was used to measure oxygen consumption during the exercise. Results: The aerobic dance video that was tested here was equivalent to a hard workout on any of the 3 exercise modalities. The dance routine was equivalent in terms of energy consumed to running at 225 watts of work or running for 20 minutes at a speed of 2 meters per second (4.47 miles per hour). Compared to the bicycle, it was equivalent to cycling at 112 watts for 20 minutes (2.25 kpm), and for the elliptical trainer, dance was equivalent to 435 watts. Concerning muscle use, the dance routine was the most balanced for upper, core and lower body muscles. Although the elliptical trainer was close, it required muscle less muscle use. Conclusion: A good dance video can be more effective than standard exercise equipment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.397-405
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• 1995

The present study examined the effects of swimming on some plasma parameters of lipid metabolism in the middle-aged women. The control group(C) was the women who lived without any intentional physical exercise, and the first experimental group(S I) and the second experimental group(S II) had gone swimming everyday at least one hour for 3-6 months, and more than one year, respectively. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1) Energy and nutrient intakes of the three groups were not different, but the body fat(%) of two experimental groups(S I, S II) was significantly lower than that of control. 2) Total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in plasma were not significantly changed by swimming and swimming period. However, total lipids and LDL-cholesterol were significantly lower in the two experimental groups than in control. 3) The level of plasma triglycerides of SI was not different from the control, but SII showed significantly lower triglycerides. 4) Acid-soluble acylcarnitine and $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate concentration in plasma were significantly greater in SII than in control. There results suggest that regular swimming in a longer period might help to protect the risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease by modulating lipid metabolism.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.390-396
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to test the effect of a diabetic education program using the self-efficacy theory on the self-care behavior and glucose metabolism. The subjects of the study consisted of 25 NIDDM patients who had participated with a diabetic education program from June 23 to July 14. 1999. The research design was one-group pretest-posttest design. The pretest included measuring. self-care behavior and 2PPBS. the diabetic education program was conducted to the group for 4weeks. After the diabetic education program. the posttest included remeasuring of self-care behavior and 2PPBS. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for the significence of the differences between values before and after the diabetic education program. The results are as follows. The diabetic education program was effective in increasing the score of the self-care behavior in exercise but was not effective in increasing the score of the self-care behavior in diet, test and medication. The diabetic education program was not effective in decreasing the levels of glucose metabolism.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.147-158
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to propose an effective exercise for the prevention of osteoporosis by analyzing changes in bone metabolism markers and adipocytokines according to the application of modern dance. The objects were selected between t-score -1.0 to -2.5 and subjects were random assigned to the modern dance group(n=10) and control group(n=10). Modern dance was held three times a week for 60min, for 12weeks. For data analysis, two-way repeated measures ANOVA was analyzed using SPSS. As a result of the study, both osteocalcin(p<.01) and T-score(p<.05) were significantly increased in the modern dance group. Adiponectin(p<.05) was increased significantly and Both TNF-α (p<.05) and IL-6(p<.05) were significantly decreased in the modern dance group. As a result, modern dance is considered to be an effective strategy to prevent osteoporosis, and it is expected to have a positive effect on metabolism and function improvement in elderly women with osteopenia.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.13-18
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• 2020

[Purpose] In vivo studies have demonstrated the ergogenic benefits of eleutherococcus senticosus (ES) supplementation. ES has been observed to enhance endurance capacity, improve cardiovascular function, and alter metabolic functions (e.g., increased fat utilization); however, the exact mechanisms involved remain unknown. We aimed to determine whether ES could effectively induce fat loss and improve muscle metabolic profiles through increases in lipolysis- and lipid metabolism-associated protein expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, respectively, to uncover the direct effects of ES on adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells. [Methods] Different doses of ES extracts (0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL) were added to cells (0.2 ES, 0.5 ES, and 1.0 ES, respectively) for 72 h and compared to the vehicle control (control). [Results] The intracellular triacylglycerol (TG) content significantly decreased (p < 0.05 for 0.2 ES, p < 0.01 for 0.5 ES and 1.0 ES) in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipose triglyceride lipase, which is involved in active lipolysis, was significantly higher in the 1.0 ES group than in the control group (p < 0.01) of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In C2C12 cells, the mitochondrial protein voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) was significantly increased in the 1.0 ES group (p < 0.01). Furthermore, we found that 1.0 ES activated both 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in skeletal muscle cells (p < 0.01). [Conclusion] These findings suggest that ES extracts decreased TG content, presumably by increasing lipase in adipocytes and metabolism-associated protein expression as well as mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle cells. These effects may corroborate previous in vivo findings regarding the ergogenic effects of ES supplementation.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.90-100
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• 2001

Objectives : Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen (BCL) has been used for stamina fortification in Oriental Medicine for thousand years. The goal of the present study was to investigate the muscle antifatigue effect of BCL. Methods : The mice were divided into three groups. The control group was allowed to swim for 10 minutes without BCL infusion. For the preventive effect of BCL, another group referred to BCL-1 was fed with BCL an hour before the swimming exercise. BCL-2 group for the reversion effect was forced to swim for 10 minutes at first, then fed with BCL followed by half an hour rest and another 10 minute swimming exercise. All the serum samples collected by heart puncture were used for the measuring biochemical factors such as LDH, CPK, glucose, lactate, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Results : In the BCL-2 group, lactate and LDH were significantly reduced compared to the control. BCL infusion during the exercise was effective in metabolizing LDH, reducing the conversion ratio of pyruvate into lactate. In the BCL-1 group, it was not effective in antifatigue function. The level of glucose was significantly reduced in BCL-1 group compared to the control. When the BCL was infused before the exercise, it is assumed that glycogenolysis seen during the exercise was prevented. When the BCL was infused during the exercise, the triglycerides and total cholesterol were increased significantly compared to the control. BCL seems to cause the increase of lipolysis to utilize the fat as an energy source. Unlike other parameters, CPK did not show any changes from BCL infusion. Conclusions : Based on the above results, BCL is found to be involved in energy metabolism. Further studies are needed to find out the underlying mechanism of BCL for its effect on stamina fortification.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.8-15
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• 2021

[Purpose] Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by prolonged high-intensity exercise can cause structural and functional damage. Antioxidant polyphenol supplementation, which reduces ROS levels, may improve high-intensity exercise performance. We evaluated the effect of lychee fruit extract, which contains high levels of low-molecular-weight oligomerized polyphenols, on high-intensity exercise performance. [Methods] Ten male athletes were included in an open-label trial that consisted of control and intervention phases, with a 7-day washout period between phases. The participants were administered oligomerized lychee fruit extract for seven days, whereas no intervention was given in the control phase. High-intensity intermittent exercise and the Wingate test were performed. The power output, blood lactate levels, reactive oxygen metabolite levels, biological antioxidant potential, heart rate, and rate of perceived exertion were measured. [Results] The average power output was significantly higher in the intervention phase than in the control phase (P < 0.01), while the change in blood lactate levels was significantly lower in the intervention phase than in the control phase (P < 0.05). The average heart rate was significantly higher in the intervention phase than in the control phase (P < 0.05), without changing the rate of perceived exertion. Although there was no difference in reactive oxygen metabolite levels between the phase, the change in biological antioxidant potential was larger in the intervention phase than in the control phase (P = 0.06). The Wingate test showed no significant differences between the phase. [Conclusion] Short-term loading with oligomerized lychee fruit extract may increase performance during high-intensity intermittent exercise by improving metabolism.