• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.5-11
• /
• 1993

First crop of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was harvested, wilted and ensiled with or without NaOH or $NH_3$, and fed to three rumen fistulated goats in a $3{\times}3$ Latin-square design. Each alkali treatment (2.44% of alfalfa dry matter) was made by spraying its solution prior to ensiling. Silage pH, $NH_3-N$ and butyric acid concentration were increased with each alkali addition, and NaOH-treated silage showed the lowest chemical quality. Compared with untreated silage, digestibilities of organic matter, ADF and cellulose were depressed by both alkali treatments, and the reductions in NaOH-treated silage were significant. Crude protein digestibility was also significantly decreased in NaOH-treated silage, but the goats receiving the silage excreted less nitrogen in urine than those on the other two silages. Nitrogen retention of goats was not different among the treatments. Ruminal solubility and potential degradability of dry matter and nitrogen determined with the in situ bag technique were reduced, and rate of degradation of the two components were increased by the NaOH treatment. Addition of $NH_3$ provided ruminal soluble nitrogen to the silage, but the rate of degradation was similar to that of untreated silage. These results suggest that NaOH treatment would denature the protein and reduce the susceptibility to microbial degradation in the rumen, while no positive effect of alkali treatment on fiber digestion and nitrogen utilization was observed in this study.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제6권3호
• /
• pp.232-237
• /
• 2012

This study was done to explore the effect of Korean women's salt usage behavior on their sodium intake and excretion according to aging. Dietary sodium intake and salt usage behavior were analyzed to compare the difference between young and middle-aged women. One hundred fifty six young women and 77 middle-aged women without hypertension or any current medication were recruited. Body mass index, waist hip ratio, blood pressure were measured from each subject. Salt usage behaviors were surveyed with questionnaire, sodium intake with 24-hr recall method, and sodium excretion with spot urine. Middle-aged women were more obese than young women according to body mass index and waist hip ratio. Blood pressure was significantly higher for the middle-aged. Young women consumed more fats and middle-aged women more carbohydrates. Middle-aged women consumed more sodium and potassium, and excreted more sodium. Among questionnaire items, kimchi, soup or pot stew, or salted vegetables were found to be related with high sodium diet. Salted vegetables and salted nuts and potato chips were significantly correlated with young women's high sodium diet, while soy sauce on fried food, kimchi, salted vegetables accounted for middle-aged women's high sodium diet. With these results, we concluded that middle-aged women consumed more carbohydrates, less fat, and more sodium and potassium than young women. Middle-aged women frequently choose kimchi, soup or pot stew, or salted vegetables, and they contribute to high sodium intake. We recommend to choose low-salt kimchi, less soup or pot stew, and more fresh vegetables for lower sodium diet.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.47-56
• /
• 2016

The identification of biomarkers for the early detection of acute kidney injury (AKI) is clinically important. Acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients is closely associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Conventional biomarkers, such as serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), are frequently used to diagnose AKI. However, these biomarkers increase only after significant structural damage has occurred. Recent efforts have focused on identification and validation of new noninvasive biomarkers for the early detection of AKI, prior to extensive structural damage. Furthermore, AKI biomarkers can provide valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms of this complex and heterogeneous disease. Our previous study suggested that pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), which is excreted in the urine, is a sensitive biomarker for nephrotoxicity. To appropriately and optimally utilize PKM2 as a biomarker for AKI requires its complete characterization. This review highlights the major studies that have addressed the diagnostic and prognostic predictive power of biomarkers for AKI and assesses the potential usage of PKM2 as an early biomarker for AKI. We summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the role of biomarkers and the molecular and cellular mechanisms of AKI. This review will elucidate the biological basis of specific biomarkers that will contribute to improving the early detection and diagnosis of AKI.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제30권6호통권113호
• /
• pp.333-339
• /
• 2005

The pesticide is raising public interest in the world, because it causes damage to an environmental pollution and the human health remaining agricultural products and an ecosystem, in spite of the advantages. Particularly, each country restricts the residual pesticide and induces observance about the safety and usage standard so that they can control the amount of pesticide used and defend the safety of agricultural products. The habitual practice for the analysis of the residual pesticide depends on GC (gas chromatography), HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) and GC/MS (gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy), which triturate the fixed quantity of samples, abstract and purify as a suitable organic solvent. These methods have the highly efficient in aspects of sensitivity and accuracy. On the other hand, they need the high cost, time consuming, much effort, expensive equipment and the skillful management. Carbofuran is highly toxic by inhalation and ingestion and moderately toxic by dermal absorption. As with other carbamate compounds, it is metabolized in the liver and eventually excreted in the urine. The half-life of carbofuran on crops is about 4 days when applied to roots, and longer than 4 days if applied to the leaves. This research was conducted to develop immunoassay for detecting carbofuran residue quickly on the basis of surface plasmon resonance and to evaluate the measurement sensitivity. Gold chip used was CM5 spreaded dextran on the surface. An applied antibody to Immunoassay was GST (glutathione-s-transferase). The association and the dissociation time were 176 second and 215 second between GST and carbofuran. The total analysis time using surface plasmon resonance was 13 minutes including regeneration time, on the other hand HPLC and GC/MS was 2 hours usually. The minimum detection limit of a permissible amount for carbofuran in the country is 0.1 ppm. The immunoassay method using surface plasmon resonance was 0.002 ppm.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.173-176
• /
• 2001

양돈농가에서의 계절별 돈사배출수 발생량은 돈사내에서 스크레퍼 및 인력으로 돈분을 분리수거하여 분은 퇴비화하고 배출수는 활성오니법을 이용하여 정화처리하고 있는 농가를 6농가를 선정하여 돈사배풀수랸 및 배출수의 특성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 돈사배출수량의 평균배출량은 4.15 l/일/두였으며, 계절별로는 여름철 5.02, 겨울철 4.11, 겨울철에 3.44, 봄철에 4.04 l/일.두로 여름철에 가장 많은 세정수가 발생되었다. 2. 돈사배출수 조사농가의 돈분은 수분 함량은 평균 82.9%였고 돈분의 BOD 및 SS농도는 각각 56,847mg/l, 119,750mg/l였으며, 돈사배풀수의 BOD, SS농도는 각각 2,951, 1,983mg/$\ell$였다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 1989

우라늄 피폭으로 발생하는 다뇨증과 급성 신부전증의 원인을 밝히기 위하여, 질산 우라늄을 정맥주사한 후 소변으로 배설되는 $Na^{+},\;K^{+}$의 전해질 양과 $Na^{+}-K^{+}$ adenosine triphosphatase($Na^{+}-K^{+}$ATPase) 활성도 변화를 측정하였다. 질산 우라늄 투여 24시간 이내에 $Na^{+},\;K^{+}$의 배설량이 크게 증가 하였고, 투여 3일 후에는 대조군과 비교하여 유의하게 감소하였다. 이때 $Na^{+},\;K^{+}$의 소변내 농도도 정상 대조군 범위 이하였다. 한편 $Na^{+}-K^{+}$ATPase활성은 투여 3일후에 고농도 질산 우라늄 투여 (30mg/kg BW) 시에만 감소 하였고, 저농도 투여군(5mg/kg BW, 15mg/kg BW) 에서는 활성 변화가 없었다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.93-98
• /
• 1989

The study was performed to compare the dissolution, diffusion and absorption characteristics using Sartorius dissolution and absorption simulator and in vivo bioavailability of commercially available rifampicin capsules. Both brands C and F showed similar dissolution patterns and absorption properties through artificial gastric barrier in Sartorius simulator. Diffusion rate constants through the membrane of brands C and F were $3.04\;{\times}40^{-3}$ and $2.88\;{\times}\;10^{-3}cm/min$, respectively. Rifampicin capsules were administered orally to six fasted healthy volunteers according to cross-over design. The pharmacokinetic parameters between brands C and F, maximum plasma drug concentration$(C_{max})$, the time to reach $C_{max}$, absorption rate constant and area under the curve $(AUC_{0-24hr})$, elimination rate constant, and amount of drug excreted in urine were 6.11 and $7.27\;{\mu}g/ml$, 2.71 and 1.52 hr, 0.6371 and $1.6456 hr^{-1}$, 57.84 and $57.28\;{\mu}g\;{\cdot}\;hr/ml$, 0.1891 and $0.1734 hr^{-l}$, 119.98 and 119.93 mg, respectively. On the basis of experimental results, it was concluded that the bioavailability of brand C rifampicin capsules was almost the same as that of brand F rifampicin capsules.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.248-255
• /
• 1992

This study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary protein content on recovery of laparotomized rats in terms of urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine, . Fortyeigh male Sprague Dawley rats average-weighing 160g were divided into two diet groups ; LPD(10% low protein diet) group HPD(25% high protein diet) group After 3 days of adaptation period rats were given experimental diet for 14 days. Experimental period consists of 7-days pre-trauma and 7-days post-trauma period. Rats were laparotomized by 4cm abdominal incision under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. During 7-days before and after the surgery urine and plasma were collected for the analysis of epinephrine and norepine-phrine. The results are as follows: 1) After laparotomy urinary epinephrine level was not increased in two diet groups. Urinary epinephrine concentration of rats in LPD group was considerably increased in post-trauma day 3 and thereafter gradually reduced. By post-trauma day 4 however urinary epinephrine concentration of rats in HPD groups was recovered to pre-trauma level 2) Urinary norepinephrine concentration of rats in LPD group was significantly increased after trauma(p<0.01) and the difference between LPD and HPD in post-trauma average norepinephrine concentration was not significant. 3) Post-traum average plasma epinephrine concentration was higher but not significant than that of pre-truma average in both groups [LPD(19.88ng/ml vs 20.93ng/ml) HPD(17.20ng/ml vs 19.37ng/ml)] 4) Plasma norepinephrine concentration of rats in LPD group was significantly increased in post-trauma period(p<0.01) In HPD group however post-trauma average plasma norepi-nephrine concentration was significantly lower than pre-trauma average. Thus the results suggest that norepinehrine concentration was affected by trauma and rats in HPD group excreted less amount of norepinephrine than rats in LPD group.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제36권10호
• /
• pp.1584-1595
• /
• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a low-protein diet on growth performance, carcass traits, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and odor emissions in growing-finishing pigs. Methods: A total of 126 crossbred pigs ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) with an average body weight (BW) of 38.56±0.53 kg were used for a 14-week feeding trial. Experimental pigs were allotted to one of 6 treatments in 3 replicates of 7 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed each treatment diet with different levels of crude protein (CP). Phase 1 (early growing): 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%; phase 2 (late growing): 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%; phase 3 (early finishing): 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%; phase 4 (late finishing): 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%. All experimental diets in each phase were contained the same concentration of lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), threonine (Thr), and tryptophan (Trp). Results: Over the entire experimental period, there was no significant difference in BW, average daily feed intake, and gain-to-feed ratio among all treatments (p>0.05), but a quadratic effect (p = 0.04) was observed in average daily gain (ADG) during the late finishing phase with higher ADG in Group D. Blood urea nitrogen concentration linearly increased with an increase in dietary CP levels (p<0.01). Regarding nutrient digestibility, excreted nitrogen in urine and feces and nitrogen retention linearly increased as the CP level increased (p<0.01). A linear effect was observed with increasing CP levels in amines, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide in odor emissions (p<0.01). No significant effects were observed in the measurements of carcass traits and meat characteristics (p>0.05). Conclusion: In phase feeding, reducing the CP level to 14% in early-growing pigs, 13% in late-growing pigs, 12% in early-finishing pigs, and 11% in late-finishing pigs is recommended.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.187-193
• /
• 1982

장기간(長期的)인 채식섭취(菜食攝取)가 인체(人體)의 수분(水分) 및 전해질대사(電解質代謝)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 알아보기 위하여 젊은 여승(女僧) 45명(名)($20{\sim}30$세(歲))과 대조군(對照群)으로는 기숙사생활(寄宿舍生活)하는 여대생(女大生) 28명(名)($20{\sim}22$세(歲))을 연구대상(硏究對象)으로 하였다. 열량섭취(熱量攝取)는 여승(女僧)들이 하루에 1947 kcal였고 여대생(女大生)은 1815 kcal였다. 열량구성(熱量構成) 비율(比率)은 여승(女僧)들이 탄수화물(炭水化物) : 단백질(雲白質) : 지방(脂肪)=85 : 11 : 5였고 학생(學生)은 70 : 15 : 15였으며 이는 여승(女憎)들의 탄수화물(炭水化物) 편중(偏重) 및 지방섭취(脂肪攝取) 부족(不足)을 보여준다. 신체계측(身體計測) 결과(結果) 여승(女僧)들이 여대생(女大生)보다 신장(身長)은 낮은 반면(反面), 체중(體重) 및 지방층(脂肪層)두께는 높았다. 1일(日) 뇨량(尿量)은 여승(女僧)들이 $1,697{\pm}68\;ml/day$로서 여대생(女大生)의 $1505{\pm}67\;ml/day$보다 유의(有意)하게 높았으며(P<0.05), 요삼투질농도는 여승(女憎)이 $617{\pm}18\;mOsm/kg\;H_2O$로 학생(學生)의 $688{\pm}36\;mOsm/kg\;H_2O$보다 유의(有意)하게 (P<0.05) 낮았다. 그러나 두 실험군(寶驗群)사이에 뇨중(尿中) $Na^+$이나 $K^+$의 배설율(排泄率)에는 차이(差異)가 없었으며 뇨중(尿中) 요소배설율(尿素排泄率)은 여승군(女僧群)이 $5.0{\pm}0.2\;g/day$로서 여대생(女大生)의 $6.4{\pm}0.5g/day$보다 유의(有意)하게 (P<0.01) 낮았다. 여승(女僧)들의 free water clearance는 $-1.82{\pm}0.08\;ml/day$로서 여대생(女大生)의 $-2.16{\pm}0.1\;4ml/day$보다 높았으나(P<0.05) osmolar clearance는 차이(差異)가 없었다. 혈청(血淸) creatinine농도(濃度)나 뇨중(尿中) creatinine배설율(排泄率)은 양군(兩群)사이에 차이(差異)가 없었고 신사구체(腎絲毬體) 여과률(濾過率)을 나타내는 creatinine clearance도 차이(差異)가 없었다. 1일(日) 요배설양(尿排泄量)은 요소배설양(尿素排泄量)(r=0.42), $Na^+$배설량(排池量)(r= 0.76)이 나 osmolar clearance (r=0.57)와 유의(有意)한 상관관계(相關關係)가 있었으나, free water clearance(r=0.06)와는 유의(有意)한 상관관계(相關關係)가 없었다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)에서 여승(女僧)은 여대생(女大生)보다 뇨농축능력(尿濃縮能力)이 낮았으며 이는 여승(女僧)들의 저단백섭취(低蛋白攝取)로 인(因)한 요소(尿素), 대사(代謝)와 관계(關係)있음을 시사(示唆)해 주고 있다.