• 제목/요약/키워드: exclusive volume effect

검색결과 6건 처리시간 0.02초

"솔보포빅"한 고분자 마이크로 캡슐을 이용한 효소 안정화에 관한 연구 (Stabilization of Enzyme in "Solvophobically" Controlled Polymer Microcapsules)

  • 김용진;김진웅;김준오;김진우;장이섭
    • 대한화장품학회지
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    • 제32권1호
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    • pp.29-33
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    • 2006
  • 본 연구는 효소의 활성을 저해하는 주위 환경, 특히 열로부터 효소의 활성을 장기간 유지할 수 있는 효소 안정화 시스템에 대한 것으로, 이 시스템은 poly(${\epsilon}-caprolactone$) (PCL) 마이크로 캡슐로, 파파인 효소를 모델 효소로 하여, poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) 층이 코어 효소층을 둘러싸고 있는 형태로 설계되어 있다. 공촛점 현미경 및 장기 열 안정도 결과를 분석해본 결과, 파파인 효소가 소수성 PPG로 둘러쌓여 있고, 배타적 볼륨 효과(exclusive volume effect)에 의해 안정화되어 있음을 밝힐 수 있었다. 이와 같이 향상된 효소의 열 안정도는 소수성 사슬이 긴 PPG를 사용할수록 증가됨을 알 수 있었으며, 이것은 효소와 PPG 계면 사이에서 PPG 층이 파파인 효소를 효과적인 형태 고정(conformational anchoring)을 통해 안정화한 것임을 알 수 있었다.

미시적 시뮬레이션을 이용한 중앙버스전용차로 효과분석 (Effectiveness Analysis of Exclusive Median Bus Lane that Uses Microsimulation)

  • 김명수
    • 한국도로학회논문집
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    • 제15권2호
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    • pp.159-167
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    • 2013
  • PURPOSES : In this study, the effects of when median exclusive bus lanes were applied to Daejeon trunk road (Wolpyeng crossway~Seodaejeon crossway, 6.3km) and (Daeduck Bridge 4~Kyeryong 4, 2.6km) by Microscopic Simulation VISSIM (5.0) was studied. The median exclusive bus lanes are one of the measures of transportation system manage techniques that can especially improve the efficiency of public transportation facilities. METHODS : According to the analysis of VISSIM on the Gyerong mainroad and Daedeok mainroad, when the median exclusive bus lanes were applied unlike when the roadside bus-only lanes were applied, the average travel speed of vehicles decreased but the average delay time and travel time increased. This arised from the changes in the geometric structure of the road which occurred the reduction of vehicle lane in the center of the road. RESULTS : In the case of bus, on the other hand, the average travel speed increased but the average delay time and travel time decreased. This is because the problems such as illegal parking and stopping, secondary road in out vehicle, and conflict of intersection right turn that roadside bus-only lanes occurred was solved. CONCLUSIONS : Although the introduction of median exclusive bus lanes will have a negative effect on general traffic flow due to the aggravation of travel, decrease of passenger car usage will lead to decrease of traffic volume. Therefore, smooth vehicle travel is expected.

수직적으로 차별화된 시장 하에서 망외부성이 미치는 영향에 대한 동태적 분석 (Dynamic Analysis of the Effect of Network Externality in Vertically Differentiated Market)

  • 조형래;이민호
    • 산업경영시스템학회지
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    • 제42권2호
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 2019
  • Network externalities are essentially dynamic in that the value consumers feel about a product is affected by the size of the existing customer base that uses that product. However, existing studies on network externalities analyzed the effects of network externalities in a static way, not dynamic. In this study, unlike previous studies, the impact of network externalities on price competition in a vertically differentiated market is dynamically analyzed. To this end, a two-period duopoly game model was used to reflect the dynamic aspects of network externalities. Based on the game model, the Nash equilibria for price, sales volume, and revenue were derived and numerically analyzed. The results can be summarized as follows. First, if high-end product has strong market power, the high-end product vendor takes almost all benefits of the network externality. Second, when high-end product has strong market power, the low-end product will take over most of the initial sales volume increase. Third, when market power of high-end product is not strong, it can be seen that the effects of network externalities on the high and low-end products are generally proportional to the difference in quality. Lastly, if there exists a strong network externality, it is shown that the presence of low-end product can be more profitable for high-end product vendor. In other words, high-end product vendor has incentive to disclose some technologies for the market entrance of low-end product, even if it has exclusive rights to the technologies. In that case, however, it is shown that the difference in quality should be maintained significantly.

부산 항만물동량이 도시교통에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 - 컨테이너 화물 운송을 중심으로 - (On the Effect of Sea Borne Cargo Movement to Urban Transportation in the Pusan Port -Container Transport Oriented-)

  • 양원;이철영
    • 한국항만학회지
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    • 제4권1호
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    • pp.3-20
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    • 1990
  • The Port of Pusan, the largest port in Korea, handled 23% of total sea borne cargo movement, 14% of imported cargo, 58% of exported cargo and 95% of container cargo in 1989. Also the port of Pusan has been played a key role in handing container cargo throughout the last 10 years. The paper is aimed to survey the effect of sea borne cargo movement to urban transportation, that is, to find traffic volume arising by general/bulk cargoes through the port and to estimate vehicle rated of container tractor tailer on the roads between terminal including conventional piers and ODCY, and finally the following results are obtained. (1) AADV of truck to transport general/bulk cargoes are 6,322 units in 1989,and routes penetrate into the center of city and pass through the most of urban arterials. (2) In the container transport, if HVEF is adopted to 3 of tractor trailer, AVR in each transport freeway 13.7%. (3) IF HVEF is adopted to 6 of tractor trailer. AVR are as follows: BooDoo-Ro 44.1%, WooAm-Ro 39.3%, SooYoung-Ro 17.8%, Urban freeway 20.3%. Based upon these results, the following suggestions were drawn : o ODCY scattered around the city should be unified in a few groups to raise port productivity. o Rail service for inland container transportation should be escalated to relieve urban traffic congestion. o Coastal feeder service between terminal and hinterland should be studied to restrict the penetration of container tractor trailer into the central parts in the urban areas. o Exclusive freeway system for effective container transportation should be implemented to reduce urban traffic delay.

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신해양질서 10년후 세계어업자원 이용동향 (The Exploitation of World Fishery Resources for 10 Years under the New Regime in the Sea)

  • 이장욱;허영희
    • 수산경영론집
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    • 제23권1호
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    • pp.43-87
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    • 1992
  • In this paper, state of exploitation of world fishery resources after 10 years under the new regime in the sea, called the era of exclusive economic zone (EEZ) expending up to a 200 nautical miles from coastal line, was reviewed to determine effect from establishing EEZ in the world fishery production and its export/import volume based on the fishery statistics annually published by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of United Nation. The world total production from marine living resources had a trend showing a waned increase during 1970's when most of coastal states were translated into the reality of EEZ. From mid-1980's onwards, it increased rapidly, reaching about 85 million tons . Such increase in production was basically from the Pacific Ocean, accounting for more than 60% of the world total production. Fishing areas where showed increase in the production after the new regime in the sea were the southwestern Atlantic (FAO area 41) , the eastern Indian (FAO area 57) and the whole fishing areas in the Pacific except the eastern central Pacific (FAO area 77). Increase in the production from distant-water fishing countries came from the regions of the southwest Atlantic (FAO area 41) and the southwest Pacific (FAO area 81) . The production from coastal states was up from the regions of the eastern Indian (FAO area 57) , the northwest and northeast Pacific (FAO areas 61 and 67) and the southeast Pacific (FAO area 87) . It was likely that the exploitation of the fishable stocks was well monitored in the areas of the northwest Atlantic (FAO area 21) , the eastern central Atlantic (FAO area 34) and the northeast Pacific (FAO area 67) through appropriate management measures such as annual harvest level, establishment of total allowable catch etc. The marine fisheries resources that have made contribution to the world production, despite expansion of 200 EEZ by coastal states, were sardinellas, Atlantic cod, blue whiting and squids in the Atlantic Ocean : tunas which mainly include skipjack, yellowfin and bigeye tuna, croakers and pony fishes in the Indian Ocean : and sardine, Chilean pilchard, Alaska pollock, tunas (skipjack and yellowfin tuna) , blue grenadier and blue whiting including anchoveta in the Pacific Ocean. It was identified that both fishery production and its export since introduction of the new regime in the sea were dominated by such coastal states as USA, Canada, Indonesia, Thailand, Mexico, South Africa and Newzealand. But difficulties have been experienced in the European countries including Norway, Spain, Japan and Rep. of Korea. Therefore, majority of coastal states are unlikely to have yet undertaken proper utilization as well as rational management of marine living resources in their jurisdiction during the last two decades. The main target species groups which led the world fishery production to go up were Alaska pollock, cods, tunas, sardinellas, chub and jack mackerel and anchoveta. These stocks are largely expected to continue to contribute to the production. The fisheries resources which are unexploited, underexploited and/or lightly exploited at present and which will be contributed to the world production in future are identified with cephalopods, Pacific jack mackerel and Atlantic mackerel, silver hake including anchovies. These resources mainly distribute in the Pacific regions, especially FAO statistical fishing areas 67, 77 and 87. It was likely to premature to conclude that the new regime in the sea was only in favour of coastal states in fishey production.

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진달래 꽃잎의 추출물이 심혈관계에 미치는 영향 (Toxic Effect of Azalea Extract on Cardiovascular System)

  • 전준하;정성복;강승호;김영조;심봉섭;이현우;신동구;박종민
    • Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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    • 제8권2호
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    • pp.52-62
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    • 1991
  • 진달래 추출물이 심혈관계에 미치는 영향 및 작용기전의 일부로서 부교감신경계의 작용을 관찰하기 위해 71마리의 토끼를 10군 즉 예비 실험군, 생리식염수 4cc 투여한군, 진달래 추출물 0.7gm/kg를 투여한 군, 진달래 추출물 1.0 gm/kg를 투여한 군, atropine sulfate을 투여한 군, atropine으로 전처치한 후 상기용량의 진달래 추출물을 각각 투여한 군, epinephrine과 생리식염수를 함께 투여한 군, epinephrine에 상기용량의 진달래 추출물을 각각 투여한 군으로 나누어 수축기 혈압, 이완기 혈압, 심전도상에서 RR간격, QTc간격의 변화정도 및 부정맥의 빈도를 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 진달래 추출물 투여군에서 RR간격과 QTc간격의 변화는 대조군에 비해 유의한 증가를 보였고 수축기 및 이완기 혈압의 변화는 대조군에 비하여 통계적으로 유의한 감소를 볼 수 있었지만(p< 0.05) 진달래 추출물 투여량에 따른 차이는 없었다. 2) atropine으로 전처치후 진달래 추출물 투여군에서 RR간격, 혈압의 변화는 atropine 투여군(대조군)에 비하여 유의한 차이를 볼 수 있었으나(p<0.05) QTc의 변화에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 3) atropine으로 전처치후 진달래 추출물 투여군과 진달래 추출물만 투여군과의 RR간격, QTc간격 및 혈압의 변화는 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 4) epineprine 자체의 효과로 인하여 진달래 추출물의 영향을 관찰할 수 없었다. 5) ST절의 변화는 진달래 추출물 0.7gm/kg투여군에서 7마리중 1마리(14.0%), 1.0gm/kg 투여군에서 7마리 전례(100%)에서, atropine전처치한 두군에서는 각각 7마리중 1마리(14.0%), 6마리중 5마리(83.3%)에서 나타났다. 6) 부정맥은 진달래 추출물 1.0gm/kg사용군 1예에서 동성서맥과 완전방실차단으로 인한 Idioventricular rhythm이 나타났고 나머지는 모두 epinephrine을 사용한 군에서 발생했는데 특히 진달래 추출물 1.0mg/kg을 함께 사용한 군에서는 전례에서 심실빈맥 및 심실세동이 발생하였다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 보아 진달래 추출물은 심근수축력과 심박동수의 감소(negative inotropic and chronotropic action) 및 부정맥생성 가능성이 있다고 여겨지며 또 작용기전의 일부로서 부교감신경계의 영향을 간과할 수 없으며 직접적인 심근손상작용도 있다고 볼 수 있겠다.

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