• Lingua Humanitatis
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• v.8
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• pp.175-198
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• 2006

Quite a few historiographers of language science have measured the applicability of the term 'revolution' toward the line of work initiated by Chomsky, with the conclusion to the positive or negative effect as the case may be. This paper starts out with a brief review of this issue, with an interim conclusion that, while Chomskyan linguistics may be regarded as revolutionary in certain aspects, terms like 'revolution' and 'paradigm' are hardly applicable here in the way they were originally intended by Thomas Kuhn. It can be said, nontechnically, that the model of theory under discussion is at once 'revolutionary' and 'evolutionary' - in the sense that revolutions in linguistics have not resulted in abrupt loss of continuity with past 'paradigms', if there were any such. Chomsky's theory of language plays the same role of consolidation and refinement of structuralism that, say, the neogrmmarians played in their day. It has continued some fundamental traits of its predecessor, recovered others, and unwittingly rediscovered still others. But this is not the main thrust of the present paper. For, even if Chomskyan theory were to be looked upon as straightforwardly 'revolutionary', that revolution has not been a felicitous one. Some critic (Pieter A. M. Seuren, to be specific) goes as far as to say that "largely as a result of Chomsky's actions, linguistics is now sociologically in a very unhealthy state $\cdots$ to the point even of threatening to make that whole school of linguistics intellectually irrelevant." Besides, under the present state of language science that strikes one as typical of what Kuhn has characterized as "pre-paradigmatic" insecurity and disharmony, an unhealthy situation might take place if we were to think of the theoretical disagreements as conflicts between 'incommensurable' viewpoints-between 'rival paradigms' as it were-thereby avoiding or evading rational discussion. Another danger concerns the bandwagon effect, with linguists prematurely boarding each novel theory seemingly destined for popularity, for fear of being left clinging to an outdated 'paradigm.' Here lies another reason why the notion of 'revolution', Kuhnian or not, might as well be put aside, in the historiography of linguistics at the least.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.744-749
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• 1986

Even in the hands of the expert endoscopists, an occasional instrumental perforation of the esophagus occurs. But instrumental perforation of the esophagus should not be difficult to diagnose if the possibility is borne in mind. Occasionally patient with esophageal perforations show little reaction at first, but usually they develop systemic manifestation if surgical management is delayed. Early surgical drainage of esophageal perforation is very important & effective therapeutic method. The delayed surgical treatment of esophageal perforation would have increased the morbidity & mortality by allowing mediastinitis & empyema thoracis. We have experienced 6 cases of delayed surgical management of instrumental perforation of esophagus from May 1974 to April 1986 in the department of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, Yonsei University, college of the medicine. The ages ranged from 4 years to 57 years. The underlying esophageal diseases consisted of esophageal stricture in 3 cases, foreign bodies in the esophagus in 2 cases and esophageal ca. in one case. Most clinical manifestations on admission were high fever, chest discomfort, chest pain, dysphagia and subcutaneous emphysema. Most complications due to esophageal rupture were acute mediastinitis with or without empyema thoracis. Failure to diagnose promptly and failure to promptly institute adequate treatment undoubtedly were largely responsible for this patients death. All 6 patients had been taken delayed surgical drainage more than 24 hours following esophageal perforation. One patient had been in the open drainage state for long time and the another patient has been in the tracheostomy with postintubation vocal cord ulceration. The third patient died due to respiratory failure and sepsis due to fulminant mediastinitis & empyema thoracis. Even if the patients with esophageal perforation have been taken delayed surgical management, the patients should be survived with aggressive & effective surgical drainage with intensive post-operative care.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.470-478
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• 2019

Because the global positioning system (GPS) is not available in underwater environments, an inertial navigation system (INS)/doppler velocity log (DVL) integrated navigation system is generally implemented. In general, an INS/DVL integrated system adopts a loosely coupled method. However, in this loosely coupled method, although the measurement equation for the filter design is simple, the velocity of the body frame cannot be accurately measured if even one of the DVL transducer signals is not received. In contrast, even if only one or two velocities are measured by the DVL transducers, the tightly coupled method can utilize them as measurements and suppress the error increase of the INS. In this paper, a filter was designed to regenerate the measurements of failed transducers by taking advantage of the tightly coupled method. The regenerated measurements were the normal DVL transducer measurements and the estimated velocity in RPM. In order to effectively estimate the velocity in RPM, a filter was designed considering the effects of the tide. The proposed filter does not switch all of the measurements to RPM if the DVL transducer fails, but only switches information from the failed transducer. In this case, the filter has the advantage of being able to be used as a measurement while continuously estimating the RPM error state. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to determine the performance of the proposed filters, and the scope of the analysis was shown by the standard deviation ($1{\sigma}$, 68%). Finally, the performance of the proposed filter was verified by comparison with the conventional tightly coupled method.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.181-190
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• 2022

In assessing the seismic safety of nuclear power plants, it is essential to analyze the structures using the observed ground motion. In particular, spatial variation in which the characteristics of the ground motion record differ may occur if the location is different within the site and even if the same earthquake is experienced. This study analyzed the spatial variation characteristics of the ground motion observed at the structure and site using the earthquake records measured at the Hamaoka nuclear power plant. Even if they were located on the same floor within the same unit, there was a difference in response depending on the location. In addition, amplification was observed in Unit 5 compared to other units, which was due to the rock layer having a slower shear wave velocity than the surrounding bedrock. Significant differences were also found in the records of the structure's foundation and the free-field surface. Based on these results, the necessity of considering spatial variation in the observed records was suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.35-42
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• 2023

This study analyzed the current and temperature characteristics of major components of an induction motor during normal and abnormal operations as functions of the difference in the rated capacities of medium and large-sized motors widely used in industrial settings. The temperature rise equation of the induction motor winding was derived through locked-rotor operation experiments and linear regression analysis. When the ambient temperature is 40 ℃, the time to reach 155 ℃, the temperature limit of the insulation class (F class) of the winding of the induction motor, was confirmed to be 48 seconds for the 2.2 kW induction motor and 39 seconds for the 3.7 kW induction motor. This means that when the rated capacity is large or the installation environment is high temperature, the time to reach the temperature limit of the insulation class during locked-rotor operation is short, and the risk of insulation deterioration and fire is high. In addition, even if the EOCR (Electronic Over Current Relay) is installed, if the setting time is excessively set, the EOCR does not operate even if the normal and locked-rotor operation of the induction motor is repeated, and the temperature limit of the insulation grade of the winding of the induction motor is exceeded. The results of this study can be used for preventive measures such as the promotion of electrical and mechanical measures for the failure of induction motors and fire prevention in industrial sites, or the installation of fire alarm systems.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.55
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• pp.3-32
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• 2012

CISG article 74 establishes the general formula applicable in all cases where an aggrieved party is entitled to recover damages. It provides that damages for breach of contract comprise all losses, including loss of profits, caused by the breach, to the extent that these losses were foreseeable by the breaching party at the time the contract was concluded. An aggrieved party may claim under article 74 even if entitled to claim under article 75 or 76. The latter articles explicitly provide that an aggrieved party may recover additional damages under article 74. Articles 75 and 76 apply only in cases where the contract has been avoided. Article 75 measures damages concretely by reference to the price in a substitute transactions, while article 76 measures damages abstractly by reference to the current market price. Article 76 (1) provides that an aggrieved party may not calculate damages under article 76 if it has concluded a substitute transaction under article 75. If however, an aggrieved party concludes a substitute transaction for less than the contract quantity, both articles 75 and 76 may apply. Pursuant to article 77, damages recoverable under articles 74, 75 or 76 are reduced if it is established that the aggrieved party failed to mitigate losses. The reduction is the amount by which the loss should have been mitigated. Article 78 entitles a party to interest on the price and any other sum that is in arrears.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2013

An $L(j,k)$-labeling of a graph G is a vertex labeling such that the difference of the labels of any adjacent vertices is at least $j$ and that of any vertices of distance two is at least $k$ for given $j$ and $k$. The minimum span of all L(2, 1)-labelings of G is called the ${\lambda}$-number of G and is denoted by ${\lambda}(G)$. In this paper, we find a lower bound of the ${\lambda}$-number of the Cartesian product $K_m{\Box}C_n$ of the complete graph $K_m$ of order $m$ and the cycle $C_n$ of order $n$. In fact, we show that when $n{\geq}3$, ${\lambda}(K_4{\Box}C_n){\geq}7$ and the equality holds if and only if n is a multiple of 8. Moreover when $m{\geq}5$, ${\lambda}(K_m{\Box}C_n){\geq}2m-1$ and the equality holds if and only if $n$ is even.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.42
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• pp.109-132
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• 2009

The purpose of the introduction of this article is as follows. It was frequent to put a condition on the letter of credit without stating corresponding document. But these attempts are very dangerous to the letter of credit operation. That is, if these types of conditions would be permitted in letter of credit, the independence principle must be collapsed. So these conditions must be disregarded in order to safeguard the independence principle. It is why UCP600 article 14(h) writes that if a Credit contains a condition without stating the document(s) to be presented in compliance therewith, banks will deem such conditions as not stated and will disregard it. But scope of this article 14 should not be limited by the conditions which do not state the document to be presented in compliance therewith. That is, the purpose of this article is to preserve the independence principle, so, if it is impossible to ascertain satisfaction with a condition, it should be disregarded as the non-documentary condition, even if the condition is included in the letter of credit together with document to be presented. Conclusively, whether or not a condition would be regarded as the non documentary condition depends on whether compliance of such condition is ascertained by presented documents stipulated in the letter of credit.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.1-30
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• 2020

This paper analyzes how injunctions relate to patent hold-up problems. To this end, we present a simple model of licensing negotiations between a patent holder and a downstream firm in the shadow of litigation. More specifically, we consider the situation in which an injunction is granted as a matter of course if a patent is found valid and infringed upon in litigation, but the patent holder may be under-compensated due to aspects of the patent remedy system other than injunctions. We show that if the downstream user is unaware of the patent before any investment in initially designing its product, the patent hold-up problems created by injunction threats are worrisome when (i) the redesign process is costly, (ii) the degree of patent protection (by aspects of the patent remedy system other than injunctions) is sufficiently strong and (iii) the injunction is requested not to practice the patented technology exclusively but to collect excessive patent royalties. Even if the downstream user is aware of the patent before the initial investment, the patent hold-up problems do not disappear. The findings here imply that a discretionary approach is required towards denying injunctions against patent infringement. If the degree of patent protection is not sufficiently strong, denying injunctions can exacerbate the under-compensation problem. However, once patent protection improves enough (not necessarily perfectly), we may see a surge of patent hold-up problems, and it would be better to apply alternative patent remedies in place of injunctions when necessary. Lastly, we discuss several possible alternatives to injunctions and their pros and cons.

• CELLMED
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.17.1-17.1
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• 2022

PoongLyuYak exists everywhere. If you read the poem and get inspired, it becomes poem Yak (詩藥, poem medicine). If you look at the picture and fall it, it becomes picture Yak. When you feel refreshed by travelling, it becomes travel Yak. Music, dance, movie, nature, etc. are very nice examples. Even a leisurely life of driving, eating out, and drinking coffee is good PoongLyuYak for the body. Whether you're alone or in a group, if you can enjoy it, it's good medicine. According to the logic of the windy and flowing world, anything that can transform one's emotions, whether happy, sad, or trivial, can be a PoongLyuYak. This PoongLyuYak may be more effective than oral medications, inhalants, ointments, or injections. Rather than simply watching, listening, or imitating others, the effect is enormous when participating directly and performing and creative activities. The pleasure of seeing Heung-min Son playing soccer is also a PoongLyuYak, but it can be more enjoyable and the medicinal effect is much greater if you enjoy soccer yourself. Here are some examples of PoongLyu medicines the authors took with the joy of creation.