• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.499-505
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• 2016

The quantitative sudomotor axon reflex testing (QSART) is a classic test of routine postganglionic sudomotor function. We investigated sudomotor function by QSART after summer (July 2012) and winter (January 2013) seasonal acclimation (SA) in the Republic of Korea. QSART with acetylcholine (ACh) iontophoresis were performed to determine directly activated (DIR) and axon reflex-mediated (AXR1, 2) sweating rate. Onset time of axon reflex, activated sweat gland density (ASGD), activated sweat gland output (ASGO), tympanic and skin temperatures ($T_{ty}$, $T_{sk}$), basal metabolic rate (BMR), and evaporative loss volume changes were measured. Tympanic and mean body temperature (${\bar{T}}_b$; calculated from $T_{ty}$, $T_{sk}$) were significantly lower after summer-SA than that of winter-SA. Sweat onset time was delayed during winter-SA compared to that after summer-SA. BMR, AXR(1), AXR(2), and DIR sweat rates, ASGD and ASGO, and evaporative loss volume were significantly diminished after winter-SA relative to after summer-SA. In conclusion, changes in sweating activity measured by QSART confirmed the involvement of the peripheral nervous system in variation of sudomotor activity in seasonal acclimation.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2001

Minimized canister flow restriction and maximized flow uniformity are desired to maximize a purge capability. With the impending ORVR(On Board Refueling Vapor Recovery) systems, the reduction of restriction and increase of flow uniformity in a carbon canister becomes even more critical to meet the stringent regulation. In this study, three-dimensional numerical simulations have been performed to investigate the three-dimensional internal flow patterns in a carbon canister during purge. The effects of the declined angle of the purge pipe and the number of partitions on the pressure drop and purge efficiency in a carbon packed bed are examined. Results show that the purge efficiency and space velocity distribution are affected in the upstream region of 40% of total canister bed by porosity of carbon granule and angle of purge pipe. It is also found that the purge efficiency decreases with increasing the number of partitions.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.133-144
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• 1995

One metabolism trial(Experiment I) and another respiration trial(Experiment II) were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fiber supplementation(20% wheat bran) on the water balance, blood acid-base balance, body temperature, and metabolic rate of heat-stressed adult roosters. In Experiment I, twenty 20-wk-old SCWL roosters(BW 1.6 kg) were randomly alloted to 4 treatments with 5 birds per treatment and one per replicate. The 4 treatments were consisted of two temperature(21~22˚C vs. 34~35˚C) and two dietary fiber treatment(0% and 20% wheat bran), making Experiment I a 2x2 factorial. After 4 d of preliminary period, birds we subjected to 3-d collection period. Sixteen 20-wk-old SCWL roosters(BW 1.6 kg) were employed Experiment H, with two temperature(21~22˚C vs. 34~35˚C) and two wheat bran levels(0% and 20%). Brids were housed in individual metabolism cages under normal temperature(21~22˚C), at fed one of the experimental diet. After 4 d of preliminary period, a respiration trial with open-circuit gravimetric respiratory apparatus was carried out for each bird for 6 h, one by one, normal(20~21˚C) and hot(34~35˚C) temperatures. The ANOVA test and comparisons among treatment means were done at 5% probability level for both experiments. Results obtained from Experiment I and, II were summarized as follows, 1.The amounts of DM intake and excretion were significantly(P<.05) decreased by heat stress. The DM intake was not affected by the addition of 20% wheat bran, however, the amount of DM excretion was significantly increased by the high fiber diet. Thus, the DM metabolizability decreased significantly by the addition of 20% wheat bran. 2. The heat-stressed roosters increased the water intake and excreta moisture content significantly. Although not significant, the water intake tended to increase in roosters fed the 20% wheat bran diet. 3. The amounts of total water input and evaporative water loss were increased significantly by heat stress, and the addition of 20% wheat bran did not exert any influence on the total water input and evaporative water loss. However, roosters fed the 20% wheat bran diet increased the excreta water output significantly. 4. Neither the heat stress nor the dietary fiber did affect the blood pH, pCO2, and HCO$_3$- significantly. 5. The body temperature increased significantly by the heat stress. However, the high fiber deit failed to decrease the body temperature. 6. The heat-stressed roosters decreased the 02 consumption and C0$_2$ production, and increased the evaporative water loss significantly. However, the high fiber diet did not exert any infulence in this regard. It appears that the beneficial effect, if any, of high fibrous diet during heat stress episode may be due to the increased heat loss through the enhanced excreta water.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.1558-1564
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• 2015

Cutaneous evaporative heat loss in Bos indicus and Bos taurus has been well documented. Nonetheless, how crossbreds with different fractional genetic proportions respond to such circumstances is of interest. A study to examine the physiological responses to cutaneous evaporative heat loss, also lactation period and milk yield, were conducted in Sahiwal (Bos indicus, n = 10, $444{\pm}64.8kg$, $9{\pm}2.9years$), Holstein Friesian (Bos taurus, HF100% (n = 10, $488{\pm}97.9kg$, $6{\pm}2.8years$)) and the following crossbreds: HF50% (n = 10, $355{\pm}40.7kg$, $2{\pm}0years$) and HF87.5% (n = 10, $489{\pm}76.8kg$, $7{\pm}1.8years$). They were allocated so as to determine the physiological responses of sweating rate (SR), respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), and skin temperature (ST) with and without hair from 06:00 h am to 15:00 h pm. And milk yield during 180 days were collected at days from 30 to 180. The ambient temperature-humidity-index (THI) increased from less than 80 in the early morning to more than 90 in the late afternoon. The interaction of THI and breed were highly affected on SR, RR, RT, and ST (p<0.01). The SR was highest in Sahiwal ($595g/m^2/h$) compared to HF100% ($227g/m^2/h$), and their crossbreds both HF50% ($335g/m^2/h$) and HF87.5% ($299g/m^2/h$). On the other hand, RR was higher in HF87.5% (54 bpm) and both HF100% (48 bpm) and HF50% (42 bpm) than Sahiwal (25 bpm) (p<0.01). The RT showed no significant differences as a result of breed (p>0.05) but did change over time. The ST with and without hair were similar, and was higher in HF100% ($37.4^{\circ}C$; $38.0^{\circ}C$) and their crossbred HF50% ($35.5^{\circ}C$; $35.5^{\circ}C$) and HF87.5% ($37.1^{\circ}C$; $37.9^{\circ}C$) than Sahiwal ($34.8^{\circ}C$; $34.8^{\circ}C$) (p<0.01). Moreover, the early lactation were higher at HF100% (25 kg) and 87.5% (25 kg) than HF50% (23 kg) which were higher than Sahiwal (18 kg) while the peak period of lactation was higher at HF100% (35 kg) than crossbreds both HF87.5% and HF50% (32 kg) which was higher than Sahiwal (26 kg) (p<0.05). In conclusion, sweating and respiration were the main vehicle for dissipating excess body heat for Sahiwal, HF and crossbreds, respectively. The THI at 76 to 80 were the critical points where the physiological responses to elevated temperature displayed change.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.839-844
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• 2000

Polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether[$C_8H_{17}O$ $(C_2H_4O)_{10}H$, POE]를 polyoxyethylene+polypropyleneoxide tridecylether(1:1, w/w, CM-1)와 혼합한 토양습윤제를 조제할 때 증량제의 종류에 따라 상토 내에서의 토양습윤제의 농도변화, 초기 습윤화, 상토 내에서의 수분이동 및 상토의 수분상실에 미치는 영향들을 조사하였다. 비석을 증량제로 조제된 POE+CM-1의 POE 잔류정도는 실험한 8주 동안 질석이 증량제로 이용된 처리보다 높았다. POE+CM-1이 혼합된 처리들은 증량제의 종류와 관계없이 포트당 510mL의 수분을 보유하여 AquaGro 처리의 490mL나 무처리구의 410mL보다 실험한 8주 동안 더 많은 토양수를 보유하였다. 증발에 의한 수 분상실에서는 비석을 증량제로 이용한 POE+CM-1과 AquaGro 처리가 질석을 증량제로 이용한 POE+CM-1나 대조구보다 더 빠르게 건조되었다. AquaGro 혼합처리구에서 증량제의 종류와 관계없이 POE+CM-1이 혼합된 처리들보다 상토 내에서의 수분이동이 빠르게 일어났으며, 단위시간당 상토 안으로 침투하는 수분량도 많았다. 질석을 증량제로 조제된 POE+CM-1의 처리량이 증가할수록 상토의 보수성, 증발량, 토양수의 이동속도 및 상토 내로 침투하는 수분량이 증가되었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.151-159
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• 1993

본 연구는 항콕시듐 제제로 광범위하게 쓰이고 있는 nicarbazin이 닭의 고온 스트레스에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 16수의 SCWL 수탉 성계를 사용하여 실시하였다. 옥수수-대두박 위주의 사료에 두 수준(0 및 125ppm)의 rucarbazin을 첨가하여, 두 처리의 환경온도(21 와 35~$36^{\circ}C$)하에서 4일간의 예비실험 기간을 거친 후, 2일 동안의 시료 및 자료 수집기간을 가졌다. 건물 섭취량과 건물 배설량은 고온 스트레스에 의하여 유의한 영향을 받지 않았으나, ricarbazin 첨가에 의하여 증가하였다. 그러나 건물 대사율은 nicarbazin첨가에 의하여 유의하게 감소하였다. 고온 스트레스는 또한 음수량과 증발에 의한 수분 손실을 증가시켰고, nicarbazin은 이러한 효과를 더욱 심화시켰다. 혈액 pH는 고온하에서 nicarbazin 첨가에 의해 증가되었으며, p$CO_2$는 고온하에서 nicarbazin에 의해 감소되었다. 고온 스트레스는 또한 체온을 상승시켰으며 nicarbazin 첨가는 이러한 효과를 심화시켰다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 닭이 고온 스트레스를 받으면 체온이 상승하게 된다. 따라서 닭은 체온 상승을 억제하기 위하여 호흡수를 증가시켜(panting) 수분 증발을 통한 체열 방출을 많게 한다. 그러나 nicarbazin 첨가는 고온하의 수탉 체온 상승 폭을 워낙 크게 하므로, panting에 의한 체열 방출량 증가만으로는 정상 체온을 유지하기가 어렵게 되는 것으로 풀이된다

• 한국농촌생활과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of wearing sweat suit on sweating rate during jogging. 4 healthy female students served as subjects in the experimental chamber which was controlled 22$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 60$\pm$10%RH and no wind. The experimental clothes were Sweat Suit (SS) and General Suit (GE), SS was the product of R sports wear company which was consisted of long-sleeved jumper (100% polyester) and full length trousers (100% polyester) and GE were consisted of long sleeved shirt (100% cotton) and full length trousers (100% cotton). The subject wore same socks and shoes in both experimental clothes SS and GE. The subject reported at the experimental chamber at the same time on each experimental day. exchanged their clothes to the experimental clothes SS or GE, wore all sensors for the physiological measurements and had a rest in a sitting posture about 40 minutes. After rest, the subject carried out 30 min jogging on the tread mill with the speed 3.6miles/hour and during the jogging rectal temperature, skin temperatures (7 sites of the skin surface), heart rate, VO2, and evaporative weight loss were measured continuously and compared between two experimental clothes SS and GE. The major findings were as follows : The increase in rectal temperature during 30 min jogging was higher in experimental clothes SS than in GE and mean slim temperature kept higher in SS than in GE. VO2 and heart rate were a little bit higher in the later period of jogging in SS than in GE. The evaporative weight loss was greater in SS than in GE. These results indicate that the thermophysiological responses and sweating rate differs according to the wearing suit even though the subject performed same exercise.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.612-620
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• 2000

본 연구는 토양습윤제를 개발하기 위해 비이온계 계면활성제인 polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether[$C_8H_{17}O(C_2H_4O)_{10}H$, POE]를 주 계면활성제로, polyoxyethylene+polypropyleneoxide tridecylether(1:1, w/w, CM-1), polyoxyethylene+polypropyleneoxide tridecylether+propyleneglycol monomethylether(1:1:2, w/w/w, CM-2) 및 glycerin+ditridecyl phthalate(1:1, w/w, CM-3)등 3종류의 부 계면활성제, 그리고 질석과 비석을 증량제로 조합하여 상토 내 농도변화, 초기습윤화에 미치는 영향 및 상토의 물리적 특성에 미치는 영향 등을 조사하였다. 비석이나 질석이 증량제로 이용되고 POE와 CM-1, 2 또는 3을 조합한 경우 초기용출량이 많았으며 6회 이후 급격히 감소하여 불안정한 용출곡선을 보였다. POE+CM-1, 2 또는 3이 상토의 초기습윤화에 미치는 영향에서 AquaGro가 혼합된 처리가 다른 모든 처리보다 초기 18시간 동안의 수분 보유량이 많았으나 처리간 차이가 뚜렷하지 않았으며, 84시간 이후에는 POE+CM-2 처리에서 가장 많은 수분을 보유하였고 무처리구를 제외한 모든 토양습윤제 혼합처리구간의 차이는 뚜렷하지 않았다. 증발에 의한 상토의 수분상실에서 비석이 증량제로 이용된 경우 POE+CM-3이 혼합된 상토의 증발속도가 가장 빨랐고 POE+CM-2, AquaGro, 무처리구, 그리고 POE+CM-1의 순으로 느려지는 경향이었다. 그러나 질석이 증량제로 이용된 경우 POE+CM-1의 증발속도가 다른 처리들 보다 월등히 빨라 수분상실량이 많았으며, POE+CM-3, AquaGro, 무처리구 그리고 POE+CM-2의 순으로 느려지는 경향이었다. 단위시간당 상토안으로 침투되는 수분량에서 비석이 증량제로 이용된 경우 POE+CM-1, POE+CM-3, AquaGro, POE+CM-2 및 무처리구의 순으로 단위시간당 침투되는 수분량이 적어지는 경향이었다. 질석이 증량제로 이용된 경우 POE+CM-3, AquaGro, POE+CM-1, POE+CM-2 및 무처리구의 순으로 단위시간당 침투되는 수분량이 적어지는 경향이었다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.329-343
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• 2013

According to previous studies, the increased air temperature can lead to change of thermal stratification structure of lakes and reservoirs. The changed thermal stratification may result in alteration of materials and energy flow. The objective of this study was to predict the effect of climate change on the water temperature and stratification structure of Daecheong Reservoir, located in Geum River basin of Korea, using a three-dimensional(3D) hydrodynamic model(ELCOM). A long-term(100 years) weather data set provided by the National Institute of Meteorological Research(NIMR) was used for forcing the 3D model. The model was applied to two different hydrological conditions, dry year(2001) and normal year(2004). It means that the effect of air temperature increase was only considered. Simulation results showed that the surface water temperature of the reservoir tend to increase in the future, and the establishment of thermal stratification can occur earlier and prolonged longer. As a result of heat flux analysis, the evaporative heat loss can increase in the future than now and before. However, the convective heat loss and net long wave radiation from water surface decreased due to increased air temperature.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.596-601
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• 2001

Polyoxyethylene laury ehter[$C_{12}H_{25}O(C_{2}H_{4}O)_{3}H$, PLE]를 polyoxyethylene+polypropyleneoxide tridecylether(1:1, w/w, CM-1)와 혼합한 토양습윤제를 조제할 때 증량제가 상토 내에서의 PLE 농도변화, 초기 습윤화, 상토 내에서의 수분이동 및 상토의 수분상실에 미치는 영향들을 조사하였다. 조제된 습윤제 PLE+CM-1에서 질석을 증량제로 이용한 경우 비석을 증량제로 이용한 처리보다 2주부터 6주까지의 용출량이 많았으며 6주 이후 급격히 농도가 낮아져 불안한 용출곡선을 보였다. 질석이 증량제로 이용된 처리에서 비석을 증량제로 이용한 처리보다 실험한 8주 동안 약 $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$이상의 PLE가 용출되었다. PLE+CM-1이 혼합된 처리들은 증량제의 종류와 관계없이 포트당 510mL의 이상의 수분을 보유하여 $AquaGro^{G}$처리의 490mL나 무처리구의 410mL보다 실험한 8주동안 더 많은 토양수를 보유하였다. 증발에 의한 수분상실에서는 비석을 증량제로 이용한 PLE+CM-1이나 대조구보다 더 빠르게 건조되었다. $AquaGro^{G}$ 혼합처리구에서 증량제의 종류와 관계없이 PLE+CM-1이 혼합된 처리들보다 상토 내에서의 수분이동이 빠르게 일어났으며, 단위시간당 상토 안으로 침투하는 수분량도 많았다. 질석을 증량제로 조제된 PLE+CM-1의 처리양이 증가해도 총 수분 보유량에서는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 증발에 의한 수분 상실에서는 $0.6mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 처리구에서, 상토 내로 침투하는 수분량에서는 $0.3mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 처리에서 가장 많았다.