• 한국의류학회지
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.1254-1265
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in clothing purchase behaviors among groups determined by subjective and chronological ages. The subjects of this study were teens and adults of up to 59 years of age residing in Seoul and the Metropolitan areas. Out of 700, 578 were used for final data analysis, Chi-square analysis, ANOVA, Duncans multiple range test and descriptive statistics were used for statistics analysis. The following results were found: the subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the subjective age. All age groups tended to perceive subjective age similar to chronological one. Regarding evaluative criteria for selecting clothes and stores, significant differences were found among all chronological and subjective age groups. By chronological age levels, significant differences were found among subjective age groups except the teens in the evaluative criteria used for purchasing clothing. Significant differences were found among subjective age group in all chronological age brackets in store selection criteria.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.429-439
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• 1994

The purposes of this study were to identify shopper types by analyzing clothing shopping orientations and to compare consumer characteristics such as store evaluative criteria, perceived risks in clothing purchase, and demographic characteristics among different shopper types. A questionnaire was developed to measure clothing shopping orientations, store evaluative criteria, perceived risks in clothing purchase, and demographic characteristics. The questionnaire was administered to 453 female adults during the fall of 1993. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Clothing shopping orientations were factor analyzed resulting six factors, such as Recreational Shopping, Economic Shopping, Store/Brand Loyalty, Careful Shopping, In- dependent Shopping, and Self-confidence in Clothing Shopping factors. 2. According to the factor scores of recreational shopping factor and economic shopping factor, consumers were segmented into four shopper types: Low Shopping-involved Shopper, High Shopping-involved Shopper, Recreational Shopper, and Economic Shopper. Consumer characteristics such as store evaluative criteria, perceived risks in clothing purchase, and demographic characteristics were significantly different among shopper types.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.551-557
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the questions in the 'Matter' units of elementary science textbooks under the 7th curriculum. For the analysis, a total of 338 questions were extracted from 15 units. Six criteria (recalling, recognizing, predictive, applied, divergent, and evaluative question) were reconstructed for textbook question analysis based on Blosser(1973)'s question category system for science. The results were as follows. First, there were more closed (recalling, recognizing, predictive, or applied) questions (72.2%) than open (divergent or evaluative) questions (27.8%) in elementary science textbooks. Second, cognitive-memory (recalling or recognizing) question type was the most frequently asked in all grade levels. Open (divergent or evaluative) questions increased according to grade level whereas convergent (predictive or applied) questions decreased. Third, question types were applied based on the characteristics of each unit rather than on children's developmental characteristics. Educational implications were discussed based on the results.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.740-749
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of perceptual self-concept and evaluative self-concept (self-esteem) on the clothing behavior of college students. The subjects of this study were college students who were attended in Semyung University. For statistical analysis, factor analysis, 1-test, Pearson's correlation and two-way ANOVA were used. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Male students showed higher evaluative self.concept than female students. 2. Shopping motivation was varied according to self-concept especially in male students. And in fashion pursuit factor, sex and self-concept had the main effect and concurrently there was interaction. 3. Clothing interest was varied according to self-concept. About fashion interest, sex had the main effect and sex and self-concept showed the interaction. 4. Clothing satisfaction was changed according to self-concept. Self-concept showed the main effect in fashionable factor and practical factor, and sex and self-concept had interaction in fashionable factor.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2023

Observational data with missing or incomplete data are common in biomedical research. Multiple imputation is an effective approach to handle missing data with the ability to decrease bias while increasing statistical power and efficiency. In recent years propensity score (PS) matching has been increasingly used in observational studies to estimate treatment effect as it can reduce confounding due to measured baseline covariates. In this paper, we describe in detail approaches to competing risk analysis in the setting of incomplete observational data when using PS matching. First, we used multiple imputation to impute several missing variables simultaneously, then conducted propensity-score matching to match statin-exposed patients with those unexposed. Afterwards, we assessed the effect of statin exposure on the risk of heart failure-related hospitalizations or emergency visits by estimating both relative and absolute effects. Collectively, we provided a general methodological framework to assess treatment effect in incomplete observational data. In addition, we presented a practical approach to produce overall cumulative incidence function (CIF) based on estimates from multiple imputed and PS-matched samples.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.1323-1333
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• 1997

The objectives of this study were to identify 1) the steps of information processing and evaluation in clothing purchase decision making, 2) evaluative criteria and determinant attributes at each step, 3) decision making rule, and 4) the effect of clothing involvement on information processing and evaluation. The data were obtained 71 female adults using questionnaire, observation and protocol in real shopping behavior. Consumer's information processing and evaluation was a circulated process composed of multi-steps. Consumer considered aesthetic and intrinsic evaluative criteria to be important and used compensatory and noncompensatory rule together at each decision making step. Clothing involvement had an partial effect on information processing and evaluation.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.49-59
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of consumers' self-image and pursued-image of clothes on the clothing purchase decision making according to the location. Data were obtained from a questionnaire filled out by 575 women living in Seoul and Jechon. For data comparative analysis, paired t-test, t-test, factor analysis and multiple regression analysis were used. The results of this study are as follows: 1. There were significant differences in self-image and pursued-image in terms of clothing purchases between women who live in Seoul and Jechon residents. 2. Demographic variables influenced to the self-image and pursued-image of clothes factor. Among them, size of the city was the most important factor which influence to the clothing purchase behavior. 3. Self-image, pursued-image of clothes, problem recognition and evaluative criteria factors significantly differed between Seoul and Jechon residents. In two cities, problem recognition factor which was arisen by external stimulus and all of the evaluative criteria factors showed significant differences. 4. When the cities were partitioned by size(large and small city), the influence of self-image and pursued-image of clothes on the clothing purchase behavior showed different phases. Generally, self image and pursued-image of clothes were more important to various problem recognition and evaluative criteria factors in large city(i.e. Seoul) than in small city(i.e. Jechon). However economic rational factor was the exception.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.27-47
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• 2009

Concepts of mediation and conciliation as alternative dispute resolutions are often confusingly used. As to what is meant by mediation and conciliation, there is no uniform legal definition. However, there has been a distinction between two methods of dispute settlement under the international law (UN Charter, WTO DSU, NAFTA, EU mediation directive, WIPO Mediation Rules) although there is no clear definition on the terms of mediation and conciliation. And also under the domestic law such as U.K, France, Germany, a clear distinction has been made between two terms. Mediation means a facilitated negotiation between two parties through the intervention of a third party. A third and neutral party (mediator) help the parties in dispute to find their solution by managing a certain mediation protocol and facilitating communication between the parties while in conciliation, a third party evaluative the case and can suggest the parties a legally non-binding solution. Once the parties accept it, it becomes binding between them. However, in the U.S,, it seems that there is no practical use of distinguishing mediation and conciliation. The term of mediation is more commonly used than the term of conciliation and it has two kinds of mediation such as facilitative and evaluative mediation. Korea's conciliation system is close to conciliation or evaluative mediation. In conclusion, what is distinct between mediation and conciliation is the role of third party. If a neutral third party takes a role of advisor or facilitator, then he or she may employ a proper protocol to help the parties to find themselves their solution (mediation) while if a neutral person plays a role of evaluator, then he or she listens to the parties and suggest a solution to them (conciliation).

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.35-45
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• 1995

This study was designed and carried out to identify the methodologies of the staff evaluation used by the headnurses and their perception on the purpose of the evaluations, and to measure the degree and type of perceived purpose and the degree of implementation of staff evaluation principles into preactice. A hundred and eleven from four general hospitals with 600 beds and over were conveniently sampled. Data were gathered from August 20, through September 10, 1994 ; demographic data of respondents and 'methodologies used for staff evaluation' by questionaires, level of 'perceived purposes of staff evaluation' and level of implementation of the 'principles of staff evaluation into practice' by Likert-type rating scales developed by the researcher. Raw and percentile scores and means were calculated and data were processed further by t-tests and ANOVA. Results are as follows ; 1. Traditional methodlogies : checklists(90.1%) and ranking methods(45.9%) revealed to be the two mostly prefered and used methods. 2. Of the 20 item-descriptions of the 'purpose of staff evaluation': 10 'control, evaluative' and 10 'non-control, developmental' the first(mean=3.19) to the ninth(mean=2.74) in rank order revealed to be the 'control, evaluative purpose', while the tenth in rank order revealed to be the first among the 'non-control, evaluative' item(mean-1.57). 3. Level of purpose of staff evaluation perceived as 'control ; evaluative'(mean=43.76, S.D.=5.01) revealed to be significantly(t=-3.86, p<.05) highter than 'non-control ; developmental'(mean=40.65, S.D.=3.41). 4. Level of implementation of 'staff evaluation principle into practice' revealed to be moderately high(mean=2.40).

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.8001-8011
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• 2015

본 연구의 목적은 오가닉 의류제품의 미래의 실소비자들이라 할 수 있는 대학생소비자를 대상으로 오가닉 의류제품의 평가를 위한 품질 속성들을 찾아서 이를 범주화함으로써 평가기준의 근거를 마련하고 각각의 속성들이 대학생 소비자의 인구통계학적 특성에 따라 수행하는 역할에 대하여 살펴보며 대학생 소비자의 품질평가에 따른 향후 구매의도와의 관련성을 알아보고자 하였다. 조사 대상인 대학생들의 오가닉 의류제품에 대한 평가기준 요인으로는 "심미상징성", "관리성", "기능성"의 3요인으로 나타났다. 결과 첫째, 인구통계학적 특성 중 성별, 관련전공, 용돈에서 오가닉 의류제품의 평가기준과 유의한 차이를 보였으며 연령, 거주지역, 가족소득에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 둘째, 대학생 소비자의 오가닉 의류제품 구매경험집단이 오가닉 의류제품의 평가기준인 "심미상징성", "관리성", "기능성"의 모든 요인에 대해 비구매집단보다 더 중요하게 고려하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 오가닉 의류제품 평가기준에 따라 향후 구매의도 집단과 구매의도가 없는 집단에 따라 차이가 있는 것을 알 수 있었는데 "관리성", "기능성"은 두 집단 간에 유의한 차이가 있었다.