• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제4권3_4호
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• pp.15-28
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• 1989

The effects of ethanol on the toxicity of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in ICR mice were examined. The results were summerized as follows; 1. The LD$\sub$50/ of 2.4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid sodium injected intraperitoneally in mice was approximately 367 mg/kg. When the animals were administered with ethanol, 2 ml/kg or 4 ml/kg the LD$\sub$50/ of 2.4-D sodium were decreased to 338 mg/kg or 32 mg/kg, respectively. 2. In the acute experimental group, spontaneous motor activity in the ANIMEX system exhibited dose-dependent decrease in mice administered with 2.4-D sodium and ethanol. 3. However, in subacute experimental group, spontaneous motor activity in the ANIMEX system exhibited dose-dependent increase in mice treated with ethanol.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.105-112
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• 1990

Captafol (1H-isoindole-1.3 (2H)-dione, 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-2-1.1.2.2-tetrachloroethylthio), is widely used as broad spectrum fungicide in agriculture and industrial application. N-sulfenylphthalimide fungicides are relatively low toxic to human and animal by oral administration. However it was reported that the fungicides have carcinogenic and mutagenic potentials, in subacute and chronic toxicity experiments. As mentioned the above, there are many experimental reports on the toxicity of captan and folpet, the toxicological researches on captafol are few, therefore in this experiment we examined the subacute toxicity of captafol which is widely used as fungicide in biochemical parameters in serum. The experimental results were summerized as follows: 1) In captafol administered group, the body weight was significantly decreased but the biochemical parameters such as AST, ALT, LDH, BUN, TG in serum were remarkably elevated in comparison to that of control group. 2) Captafol plus ethanol administered group, serum AST, ALT, BUN were elevated in comparison to that of captafol treated group.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.205-210
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• 2021

Over 30 million prescriptions of NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are issued every year. Considering that these drugs are available without a prescription as over the counter (OTC) drugs, their use will be astronomical. With the increasing use of NSAIDs, their adverse effects are drawing attention. Especially, stomach bleeding, kidney toxicity, liver toxicity, and neurological toxicity are reported as common. Ibuprofen, one of the extensively used NSAIDs along with aspirin, can also induce liver toxicity, but few studies are addressing this point. Here we examined the liver toxicity of ibuprofen and investigated whether co-exposure to ethanol can manifest synergistic effects. We employed 2D and 3D cultured human hepatoma cells, HepG2 to examine the synergistic hepatotoxicity of ibuprofen and alcohol concerning cell viability, morphology, and histology of 3D spheroids. As a result, ibuprofen and alcohol provoked synergistic hepatotoxicity against hepatocytes, and their toxicity increased prominently in 3D culture upon extended exposure. Oxidative stress appeared to be the mechanisms underlying the synergistic toxicity of ibuprofen and alcohol as evidenced by increased production of ROS and expression of the endogenous antioxidant system. Collectively, this study has demonstrated that ibuprofen and EtOH can induce synergistic hepatotoxicity, providing a line of evidence for caution against the use of ibuprofen in combination with alcohol.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.25-37
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• 2008

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate sub-chronic toxicity of scolopendrid pharmacopuncture in mouse and method of increasing output of scolopendrid pharmacopuncture. Methods In order to prove the clinical safety of scolopendrid pharmacopuncture during 90 days, We have observed the physical reaction(side effect) and clinical pathology test after scolopendrid pharmacopuncture treatment and investigated method of increasing Output of scolopendrid pharmacopuncture for 90%, 80%, 70% ethanol. Results In subchronic toxicity test, there was no significant sign in clinical sign, opthalmological values, body weights, hematological values and urinalysis values. And we could see that food consumptions and water consumptions increased significantly, albumin, triglycerides, GPT in blood chemical values and Liver, Testis(right) in organ weights changed significantly in some groups, compared with those in the S1 group. But these changes were observed within the scope of physiology. So there was no sign of toxication in subchronic toxicity test, and we can tell that NOAEL(No Observed Adverse Effect Level) is above 0.286mg/kg/day. And 70% ethanol solution of scolopendrid was yielded the most amount of substance. Conclusions This study demonstrates that scolopendrid pharmacopuncture is to treatment of safety for a long time and we can obtain much amount from 70% ethanol solution of scolopendrid.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.966-974
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• 2019

Arthrospira platensis has been reported to contain a variety of substances such as phycocyanin, ${\beta}$-carotene, vitamin E and other carotenoids. In this study, zebrafish were treated with indoor cultivation spirulina ethanol extracts(ICAE) to determine toxicity(coagulation rate, hatching rate, heart rate). We used the DCFH-DA staining method to detect the effect of reactive oxygen species(ROS) generation on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced zebrafish embryos ROS various concentrations(0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5mg/ml) of ICAE. Cell toxicity was measured by WST-1 assay on RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Also, measured the inhibitory effect of nitric oxide(NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production in RAW264.7 macrophages induced by LPS at various concentrations of ICAE. The results of embryo coagulation rate, hatching rate, heart rate of zebrafish at various(0.01, 0.05, 0.1mg/ml) of ICAE was no toxicity. The ICAE treated group had an inhibitory effect on NO and $PGE_2$ production compared and decreased with concentration. The results of this study ethanol extract of Arthrospira platensis has an anti-inflammatory effect and suggest that is worthy of use cosmetics for skin protection.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.169-177
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• 2020

Objectives : This experiment was designed to assess the single oral toxicity of Ethanol Extract Inulae Flos (IF) ethanol extracts. IF is one of the important herbs to remove phlegmy which is the viscous turbid pathological product that can accumulate in the body, causing a variety of diseases. Nevertheless, there has been a lack of research on the pharmacology toxicity of IF. Methods : In this study, IF was orally administered to 5 weeks ICR mice as an oral dose of 2,000 or 3,000 or 5,000 mg/kg. The condition of the mice was observed for 14 days and their weights were measured every two days. Results : None of the mice died for 14 days. The abnormal clinical symptoms and anatomical signs of toxicity were not found in any treatment groups. The gain of net body weight was observed. There was also no significant difference in the organ weight. The serum biochemistry and hematological analysis showed a decrease in BUN, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets although within the normal ranges. Conclusions : These results suggest that the 50% lethal dose of IF is more than 5,000 mg/kg. This could be thought that IF is a safe drug without acute toxicity and side effects. However, IF showed some weight loss and change in blood test, so it will need to be careful when using it for high doses.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.102-111
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• 2024

Objective: Given the noteworthy implications of alcohol consumption and its association with male infertility, there has been a notable focus on investigating natural alternatives to mitigate its adverse effects. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the potential protective effect of phycocyanin extract derived from the blue algae Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis against ethanol-induced oxidative stress, disturbances in testicular morphology, and alterations in sperm production. Methods: Male rats were divided into four groups (five rats each): the control group received a saline solution, the ethanol exposed group (EtOH) was subjected to intraperitoneal injections of 10 mL/kg of ethanol solution at a concentration of 38% (v/v), the phycocyanin alone treated group (P) received oral administration of phycocyanin at a dosage of 50 mg/kg, and the phycocyanin-cotreated group (PE) was given oral phycocyanin followed by ethanol injections. All treatments were administered over a period of 14 days. Results: Our findings demonstrated that ethanol exposure induced reproductive toxicity, characterized by reduced sperm production and viability, alterations in testicular weight and morphology, increased lipid peroxidation levels, and elevated oxidative enzyme activity. In addition, the ethanol-intoxicated group showed perturbations in serum biochemical parameters. However, the simultaneous exposure to ethanol and phycocyanin exhibited a counteractive effect against ethanol toxicity. Conclusion: The results showed that supplementation of phycocyanin prevented oxidative and testicular morphological damage-induced by ethanol and maintained normal sperm production, and viability.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.802-808
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• 1999

본 실험에서는 aspartate, arginine, glutamate가 에탄올로 처리한 간세포에 대한 lipid peroxidation의 변화를 비교분석하고 예로부터 숙취제거 식품으로 잘 알려진 콩나물, 북어 및 영지버섯 추출액의 in vitro 실험을 통하여 에탄올로 처리된 간세포에 대한 lipid peroxidation 변화를 보았다. 또한 에탄올처리에 대한 숙취제거 식품의 처리순서에 따른 lipid peroxidation의 변화를 보았다. S9분획(간세포)에 에탄올(0.56 M)을 $50\;{\mu}L$씩 처리한 후 아미노산용액과 식품추출물을 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 mg/mL 농도로 처리하였다. 이 실험의 결과는 다음과 같다. Aspartate, arginine, glutamate중 arginine이 가장 큰 간 보호 효과를 나타내었다. 콩나물, 북어, 영지의 단백질 함량은 콩나물이 $8.916\;{\mu}g/mL$으로 가장 많았다. 콩나물, 북어, 영지중에서 콩나물 추출물이 가장 큰 간 보호 효과를 나타내었다. 각각의 식품추출물을 에탄올 다음에 처리하였을 경우 전처리보다 간 보호 효과가 더욱 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.54-58
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• 2014

The liver is vulnerable to alcohol-related injury because it is the primary site of alcohol metabolism. Additionally, a number of potentially dangerous by-products are generated as alcohol is broken down in the liver. However, dietary supplements may prevent or relieve some of alcohol's deleterious effects. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the prophylactic effect of aqueous extract of Sesamum indicum (SI) on ethanol induced toxicity in rats. Male Wistar albino rats were divided into control, ethanol, pre-treatment, simultaneous and post-treatment groups. In the prophylactic experiment, Sesamum indicum, (200 mg/kg body weight) was administered by oral gavage for 28 days; two hours before, simultaneously with or two hours after ethanol exposure. Toxicity was induced by administering 45% ethanol (4.8 g/kg bw) by oral gavage. Lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and gluthathione-S-transferase (GST) activities were then determined in the liver, serum triglyceride (TG) levels, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were monitored and histological examination was carried out. The results revealed that ethanol administration led to significant elevation of TBARS level while depleting in the level of GSH as well as CAT, GPx, SOD and GST activities. Similarly, TG level and ALT and AST activities were elevated. The SI pre-treated group significantly inhibited TBARS, restored GSH level, enhanced CAT, GPx, SOD and GST activities and significantly decreased the elevated level of serum TG, ALT and AST activities. SI treatment (simultaneously with ethanol) exhibited similar effects to those of the SI pre-treated groups, while the SI post-treated group did not show the same protection as the Pre-treated group. S. indicum possesses antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties, that eliminate the deleterious effects of toxic metabolites of ethanol.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.71-77
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• 1989

A mouse whole animal bioassay was employed to screen for potential mutagenicity of ethanol/water extracts of 16 Chinese herbal drugs that are commonly prescribed in Korea. Specific cytogenetic toxicity was measrured by recording evidence of clastogenesis toxicity was measured by recording evidence of clastogenesis via the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. Male ICR mice administered ethanol extract of Pinelliae tuber (Pinellia eternata Breitenbach, ARACEAE, 양복) and ddY female mice administered extract of Angelica Koreanae radix(Angelica Koreana Maximowicz, UMBELLIFERAE, ) (both by oral administration, at a dose of 600 mg/kg), in a short-term dosing schedule, demonstrated significant increase in micronucleated polychromatophilic erythrocytes, indicating the increase of clastogenicity.