• Title/Summary/Keyword: ethanol addition

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Effects of Vehicles and Enhancers on the Permeation Properties of Tizanidine Hydrochloride through Strat-MMTM Artificial Membrane and Hairless Mouse Skin (용제와 투과촉진제가 Strat-MTM 인공막 및 무모마우스 피부를 통한 티자니딘염산염의 투과 특성에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Myung Shin;Chun, In Koo
    • YAKHAK HOEJI
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    • v.60 no.1
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    • pp.36-45
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    • 2016
  • This study was aimed to enhance the percutaneous absorption of tizanidine hydrochloride (TZ) across Strat-M$^{TM}$ artificial membrane and excised hairless mouse skin using various vehicles and chemical permeation enhancers. Solubility studies were performed using hydrophilic and lipophilic vehicles. To initially evaluate vehicle effects on skin permeation, Strat-M$^{TM}$ membrane was adopted using Franz-type diffusion cells loaded with 0.4 mg donor dose. Effects of fatty acids on the permeation of TZ from PG and PGMC were compared, and the effects of various hydrophilic vehicles in the presence of linoleic acid were studied using excised hairless mouse skin specimens. The mean solubility (mg/ml) of TZ in hydrophilic vehicles was higher: water > PG > DMSO > ethanol > PEG 200 > NMP > PEG 300 > PEG 400 > DGME, and solubilities in lipophilic vehicles such as PGMC, PGMC, IPM, Captex 200 and Captex 300 were much less than 1.0 mg/ml. Permeation rates through StratTM membrane from pure vehicles were in the rank order: PGMC ${\geq}$ LBF > DMSO ${\geq}$ NMP ${\geq}$ PGML ${\geq}$ PG ${\geq}$ PEG 200 ${\geq}$ DGME ${\geq}$ EtOH. However, permeation rates of TZ through hairless mouse skin from pure vehicles were very low, although PG showed the highest flux ($1.66{\pm}0.28{\mu}g/cm^2{\cdot}hr$). Therefore, PG was selected in further studies. Addition of enhancers (3 v/v%) into PG markedly increased the flux (${\mu}g/cm^2{\cdot}hr$): oleyl alcohol ($14.9{\pm}3.1$) ${\geq}$ oleic acid ($14.5{\pm}1.6$) ${\geq}$ linoleic acid ($13.7{\pm}1.3$) > capric acid ($4.4{\pm}0.6$) > caprylic acid ($2.1{\pm}0.4$). Among hydrophilic vehicles with linoleic acid, PG and DMSO revealed relatively higher permeation for TZ. Increase of donor dose in PG resulted in dose-dependent permeation fluxes. These results suggest that permeation properties of TZ from nonaqueous solutions are markedly different between Strat-$M^{TM}$ membrane and excised hairless mouse skin, and transdermal delivery of TZ would be feasible with a combination of PG and enhancers.

Effects of Tumeric (Curcuma aromatica Salab.) Extract on Shelf Life of Cooked Rice (강황 추출물이 쌀밥의 저장성에 미치는 영향)

  • Lim, Yong-Suk;Park, Kyoung-Nam;Lee, Shin-Ho
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.14 no.5
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    • pp.445-450
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    • 2007
  • This studies were engaged to investigate the potential us of Curcuma aromatica Salab. as a food ingredients. The antimicrobial activity of Curcuma aromatica Salab. extract (CE) and effect on shelf life of the cooked rice were examined. The antimicrobial activity of CE showed apparently against Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis and B. megaterium. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CE was 0.15% for B. cereus md 0.2% for B. subtilis and B. megaterium. The antimicrobial activity of CE remained relatively high after heat treatments(30 min at 80 and $100^{\circ}C$, 15 min at $121^{\circ}C$). The shelf life of cooked rice containing above 0.05% CE increased more 1 or 2 days than that of control at $30^{\circ}C$, The texture of cooked rice was improved by addition of above 0.01% CE. The sensory quality of cooked rice with CE did not show significant difference between 0.00% and 0.05% in taste and overall acceptability but decreased above 0.10% in taste, color, flavor and overall acceptability.

Production of Levulinic Acid from Gelidium amansii Using Two Step Acid Hydrolysis (우뭇가사리로부터 레불린산 생산공정을 위한 2단 산 가수분해)

  • Kim, Jun Seok
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.51 no.4
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    • pp.438-442
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    • 2013
  • The study of bioproduct production from inexpensive biomass such as marine biomass has recently attracted considerable attention. Because, marine biomass which compared to land biomass, it can be grown rapidly and is easily cultivated without the need for expensive equipment. In addition, the carbohydrate contents are similar or higher than land biomass such as woody biomass and can be easily converted to chemicals through proper chemical processes. In the production of various biochemicals from marine biomass, levulinic acid is a highly versatile chemical with numerous industrial uses and has the potential to become a commodity chemical. It can be used as a raw material for resins, plasticizers, textiles, animal feed, coatings and antifreeze. In this study, experiments were carried out to determine the optimum conditions of temperature, acid concentration and reaction time for production of levulinic acid from marine biomass, Gelidium amansii, using two-step treatment. In the first hydrolysis step, solid-state cellulose which was used to produce ethanol by fermentation and liquid-state galactose which used to produce bioproduct such as levulinic aicd were obtained through acid soaking. In the second hydrolysis step, the liquid-state galactose was converted into levulinic acid via a high-temperature reaction in a batch reactor. As a result, the overall production yield of Gelidium amansii to levulinic acid in the two-step acid hydrolysis was approximately 20.6% on the initial biomass basis.

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oil from 'Setoka' Branches (세토카 가지 정유의 성분 분석 및 생리 활성)

  • Hyun, Ju Mi;Kim, Jung Eun;Yeum, Hyun Sook;Song, Jung-Min;Kim, Mi Ryang;Lee, Nam Ho
    • Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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    • v.42 no.3
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    • pp.227-233
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    • 2016
  • This study was designed to analyze the chemical compositions of 'Setoka' branch essential oils (SEBO) and to test their biological activities. 'Setoka' is a Citrus species widely cultivated in Jeju Island. At the present, 'Setoka' branches produced by thinning process were mostly discarded as a waste. Therefore, utilization of this branch waste has received much attention. 'Setoka' branch essential oils (SBEO) were prepared by treatment of its ethanol extracts with jojoba oil. SBEO were chemically analyzed using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and following components were identified; ethyl linoleate (64.14%), ethyl palmitate (16.50%), neophytadiene (11.06%) and beta-citronellol (5.09%). The anti-inflammatory activity in the SBEO was examined using RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells stimulated with LPS. As a result, the SBEO inhibited nitric oxide (NO) productions with a dose-dependent manner. In addition, SBEO showed good anti-microbial activities against drug-susceptible and -resistant skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes, which are acne-causing bacteria. Based on these results, we suggest that SBEO has the possibility for use as an anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial agent in cosmetic applications.

Antimicrobial & Physiological Characteristics of Ethanol Extract from Pinus rigida Miller Leaves (리기다소나무 잎 에탄올 추출물의 항균 및 생리특성)

  • Oh, Byung-Tae;Choi, Sung-Gil;Cho, Sung-Hwan
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.13 no.5
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    • pp.629-633
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    • 2006
  • Pinus rigida Miller leaf extract (PRLE) showed antimicrobial activity remarkably against food pathogenic and spoilage bacteria at concentrations of $100{\sim}250{\mu}g/mL$. Alcohol-soluble PRLE had higher antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and E-coli than any other-soluble PRLE such as butanol, ethyl acetate, ether and water. As PRLE concentration increased alcohol-soluble PRLE increased the remarkable inhibitory zone of microbial growth on the microbial media. PRLE showed good stability against temperature and pH in the range of $40{\sim}150^{\circ}C$ and $4{\sim}11$, respectively. This may indicate that PRLE can be a potential anti-microbial agent for industrial application. In addition, SEM of Listeria monocytogenes suggested that it antimicrobial component would perturb the functions of microbial cell membranes synergistically. In the feeding experiment the formaldehyde content in the serum of formalin-fed and PRLE-treated me decreased remarkably due to the lysis of formaldehyde and the rate of hemoglobin biosynthesis was recovered to the orignal state within a short breeding time.

WBCEx1 Reduces Feeding Efficiency Ratio and Visceral Obesity in Obese Mice Induced by High Fat Diet (고지방식이 비만마우스에서 월비가출탕(越婢加朮湯)이 식이효율과 내장지방에 미치는 영향)

  • An, Jeong-Ran;Kang, Yeon-Kyeong;Chang, Dong-Ho;Lee, In-Seon;Shin, Soon-Shik;Jeong, Hae-Gyeong;Lee, Hee-Young;Lee, Hye-Rim
    • Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.1-22
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    • 2011
  • Objectives : This study was undertaken to verify the effects of Wolbigachul-tang1(WBCEx1) on obesity using high fat diet-induced male mice and to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved. Methods : 8-week old C57BL/6 mice were divided into 5 groups; lean control, obese control, WBCEx1, 2, 3. After mice were treated with WBCEx1(water extract), 2(30% ethanol extract), 3(water extract; Ephedra sinica Stapf., Gypsum fibrosum) for 12 weeks, body weight gain, feeding efficiency ratio, plasma lipid and glucose metabolism, the messenger RNA(mRNA) expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor(PPAR)$\alpha$ target genes were measured. In addition, $PPAR{\alpha}$ target gene expression was examined in liver, white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Results : 1. WBCEx1-treated mice had significantly lower body weight gain and feeding efficiency ratio. 2. Consistent with the effects on body weight gain, WBCEx1 decreased the weights of epididymal and retroperitoneal white adipose tissue, inguinal subcutaneous adipose tissue, and brown adipose tissue. 3. WBCEx1 significantly decreased plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. 4. The size of adipocytes were significantly decreased by WBCEx1, whereas the adipocyte number per unit area was increased. Hepatic lipid accumulation was decreased by WBCEx1. 5. WBCEx1 did not affect the mRNA expression of $PPAR{\alpha}$ target genes in liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. 6. Plasma asparate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), blood urea nitrogen(BUN) and creatine concentrations were in the physiological range. Liver and kidney weights were significantly lower following WBCEx treatment compared with obese controls, indicating that WBCEx does not show any toxic effects on liver and kidney. Conclusions : These results suggest that WBCEx1-induced body weight reduction is associated with appetite control and mediated by a mechanism other than the activation of $PPAR{\alpha}$.

Characteristics of Byeok-hyang-ju made by various processing methods originated from ancient documents (고문헌 유래 벽향주의 제조방법에 따른 품질특성)

  • Park, Ji-Hye;Yeol, Soo-Hwan;Jeong, Seok-Tae;Choi, Han-Seok;Jeon, Jin-A;Choi, Ji-Ho
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.17 no.6
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    • pp.826-834
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    • 2010
  • We investigated the temperature changes during processing and quality characteristics of seven preparations of Byeok-hyang-ju described in ancient documents. During fermentation, treatments with intervals longer than 7 days to the second mashing kept temperatures below room temperature. The process with the shortest interval (2 days) between the second and third mashings maintained a preparation temperature above $28^{\circ}C$ for the longest period. As fermentation proceeded, the pH gradually decreased. Titratable acidities increased prior to the second mashing, and then decreased. Amino acid levels increased gradually during all fermentations except for that of method 5 (the lowest level of raw material addition). Ethanol content increased rapidly to the time of second mashing with all methods except method 2. This method featured a short interval between the first and second mashing. Upon sensory evaluation, the best overall acceptability was provided by method 3.

Antioxidant activities of soymilk added with green tea and rosemary extract (녹차와 로즈마리 추출물을 첨가한 두유의 항산화 활성)

  • Ryu, Ji-yeon;Song, YeonWoo;Moon, Jeong Yong;Jun, Neung-Jae;Kim Cho, Somi
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.24 no.6
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    • pp.871-878
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    • 2017
  • The objective of this study was to compare antioxidant activities of green tea, rosemary, lemon and bamboo leaves extracts using three different extraction methods (80% ethanol sonication extraction, distilled water autoclave extraction, distilled water extraction at room temperature). As a result, green tea and rosemary extracts showed relatively high antioxidant activities compared with those of lemon and bamboo leaves. These green tea and rosemary extracts were subsequently added to soymilk and their mixtures were examined for antioxidant activities. Soymilk added with 10% green tea distilled water autoclave extracts and distilled water at room temperature extracts showed relatively high DPPH, $85.09{\pm}2.26%$, $84.38{\pm}1.97%$, and ABTS radical scavenging activities, $73.43{\pm}2.78%$, $81.34{\pm}4.78%$, respectively. On the other hand, soymilk added with 10% rosemary distilled water autoclave extracts showed remarkably higher DPPH radical scavenging activity while their ABTS radical scavenging ability was similar to that of non-added soymilk. In conclusion, our results suggest that the addition of green tea distilled water autoclave extracts, distilled water at room temperature extracts and rosemary distilled water autoclave extracts to soymilk could contribute to the development of added value soymilk products with increased antioxidant activities.

Physicochemical components of Cynanchi wilfordii Radix fermented with Rhizopus delemar (Rhizopus delemar 발효 백수오의 이화학적 성분 분석)

  • Song, Bit-Na;Kim, Eun-Ju;Jeong, Da-Som;Kim, So-Young;Cho, Yong-Sik;Park, Shin-Young
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.24 no.6
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    • pp.813-819
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    • 2017
  • This study carried out to determine the physicochemical components of Cynanchi wilfordii Radix (CWR) fermented with Rhizopus delemar. The physicochemical components such as changes on moisture content, pH, total acidity, reducing sugars, and the contents of free sugars, free amino acid, cynandione A were investigated. The moisture content of fermented CWR was increased after 4 days of fermentation. The pH value of fermented CWR was decreased after 4 days of fermentation. The reducing sugars contents were in the range of 1.42-1.69%. The major free sugars were identified as rhamnose, glucose, fructose and sucrose. The content of free sugars was decreased during fermentation process of CWR while the glucose contents in 80% ethanol and water extracts were increased. In addition, the free amino acid increased significantly during fermentation. Finally, The content of cynandion A of the fermented CWR was highest at the level of 14.09 mg/g on the $8^{th}$ day. These results are indicated that fermentation with Rhizopus strains could be used to increase the bioactivity of CWR and the fermented CWR can be used as a functional material and edible resource in the food industry.

Antioxidant Effect of Rosa davurica Pall Extract on Oxidation of Human Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) (사람의 저밀도 지방단백질의 산화에 대한 생열귀나무 추출물의 항산화 효과)

  • Sa, Jae-Hoon;Lee, Woan;Shin, In-Cheol;Jeong, Kyung-Jin;Shim, Tae-Heum;Oh, Heung-Seok;Kim, Yong-Jin;Cheung, Eui-Ho;Kim, Gwang-Gee;Choi, Dae-Sung
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.36 no.2
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    • pp.311-316
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    • 2004
  • Antioxidant effects of Rosa davurica Pall extract on copper-mediated LDL oxidative modification were investigated. Oxidation products of LDL were determined based on TBA value, formation of conjugate diene, and apolipoprotein carbonyl value. As revealed through TBA values, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions of R. davurica Pall root showed strong antioxidant effect, with 85.3 and 93.2% inhibitions at $30\;{\mu}g/mL$ each, respectively. Ethyl acetate and butanol fractions at $30\;{\mu}g/mL$ inhibited LDL oxidation up to 8 hr. Conjugate diene formation by lipid oxidation with $Cu^{2+}$ addition in ethyl acetate and butanol fractions decreased 2.2-and 5.6-fold, respectively, compared to control. Carbonyl value decreased in the presence of butanol and ethyl acetate fractions. Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of R. davurica Pall root showed higher absorbancy at 285 nm. Ethanol extract of R. davurica Pall root and stem contained 10.6 g/100 g total phenolic compounds. Results reveal phenolic compound as major biological component in R. davurica Pall extracts. Ethyl acetate and butanol fraction showed strongest antioxidant effect on LDL oxidation.