• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제64권3호
• /
• pp.471-480
• /
• 2022

This experiment was conducted to determine the maximum dietary energy levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of White Pekin duck. the Six dietary treatments were formulated based on their apparent metabolizable energy (AME) concentrations from 2,700 to 3,200 kcal/kg with a 100 kcal/kg gap to evaluate the accurate dietary AME requirement to address current knowledge and further issues for fulfilling the genetic potential of meat-type white Pekin ducklings. A total of 432 one-day-old male White Pekin ducklings were randomly allocated into one of six dietary treatments with six replicates (12 birds per pen). The diets were formulated as corn-soybean meal-based diets to meet or exceed the Nutrient Requirement of Poultry specification for meat-type ducks. Growth performance indices (i.e. average daily gain [ADG], average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio) were measured weekly. Medium body weight (BW) ducklings from each pen were sacrificed to analyze the carcass traits and abdominal fat content on day 21. Obtained data were analyzed to estimate significant effect using the one-way ANOVA of IBM SPSS Statistics (Version, 25). If the p-value of the results were significant, differences in means among treatments were separated by Tukey's post hoc test. Significant differences were then analyzed with a linear and quadratic broken model to estimate the accurate concentration of AME. Ducklings fed higher dietary AME diets increased (p < 0.05) BW, ADG. Ducklings fed higher AME than 2,900 kcal/kg diets increased abdominal fat accumulation and leg meat portion. The estimated requirement by linear plateau method showed from 3,000.00 kcal/kg to 3,173.03 kcal/kg whereas the requirement by quadratic plateau method indicated from 3,100.00 kcal/kg to 3,306.26 kcal/kg. Collectively, estimated dietary requirements exhibit diverse results based on the measured traits and analysis methods. All the estimated requirements in this experiment present higher than previous research, the maximum requirement for the next diet formulation should be selected by the purpose of the diet.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
• /
• 제3권4호
• /
• pp.137-145
• /
• 2002

Automobiles should be designed to meet the requirements and standards for the protections of passengers in a car accident. One of safety factors is an absorbing capacity in collision. Many vehicles have been designed based on the criterion of the absorbing capacity. Therefore a controller has been developed in order to control and increase the absorbing capacity of impact energy in automobile collision. The capacity of impact energy will be improved regardless of vehicular-structure members and shapes. An air-pressure horizontal impact tester for crushing has been built up for the evaluation of energy absorbing characteristics in collision. Influence of height, thickness and clearance in the controller have been considered to predict and control the energy absorbing capacity. Aluminum alloy (Al) tubes (30,39,44 m in inner dia. and 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 m in thickness) are tested by axial loading. The energy absorbing capacity of Al tubes have been estimated in cases of with-controller and without-controller. respectively based on height. thickness, clearance of an controller.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제1권2호
• /
• pp.61-63
• /
• 1988

A total of 38 energy balance trials were done for calves fed a liquid milk replacer, calf starter and second cut mixed hay. Milk replacer supplied 81% of the total dietary energy. Live weight of calves averaged 54.1 (S.D 6.2) kg and daily gain 0.37 (${\pm}0.23$)kg. The metabolizability of gross energy averaged 0.822. A regression was calculated relating energy retention (ER, $kJ/kg^{0.75}$) to the intake of metabolizable energy (IME, $kJ/kg^{0.75}$): ER = 0.72 (${\pm}0.12$) IME - 330, r = 0.702, P < 0.01, $S.E.{\pm}18.0$. Metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) was calculated to be $458kJ/kg^{0.75}$ when ER = 0. The amount of IME over MEm for an individual animal (Meg, $kJ/kg^{0.75}$) was regressed on averaged daily gain (ADG, kg): Meg = 413 (${\pm}91$) ADG + 0.2, r = 0.650, P < 0.01, $S.E.{\pm}21$. The amount of ME requirement for suckling calves was estimated using values obtained above.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제55권4호
• /
• pp.1540-1554
• /
• 2023

To use nuclear energy sustainably, spent nuclear fuel, classified as high-level radioactive waste and inevitably discharged after electricity generation by nuclear power plants, must be managed safely and isolated from the human environment. In Korea, the land area is limited and the amount of high-level radioactive waste, including spent nuclear fuels to be disposed, is relatively large. Thus, it is particularly necessary to maximize disposal efficiency. In this study, a high-efficiency deep geological repository concept was developed to enhance disposal efficiency. To this end, design strategies and requirements for a high-efficiency deep geological repository system were established, and engineered barrier modules with a disposal canister for pressurized water reactor (PWR)-type and pressurized heavy water reactor type Canada deuterium uranium (CANDU) plants were developed. Thermal and structural stability assessments were conducted for the repository system; it was confirmed that the system was suitable for the established strategies and requirements. In addition, the results of the nuclear safety assessment showed that the radiological safety of the new system met the Korean safety standards for disposal of high-level radioactive waste in terms of radiological dose. To evaluate disposal efficiency in terms of the disposal area, the layout of the developed disposal areas was assessed in terms of thermal limits. The estimated disposal areas were 2.51 km² and 1.82 km² (existing repository system: 4.57 km²) and the excavated host rock volumes were 2.7 Mm³ and 2.0 Mm³ (existing repository system: 4.5 Mm³) for thermal limits of 100 ℃ and 130 ℃, respectively. These results indicated that the area and the excavated volume of the new repository system were reduced by 40-60% compared to the existing repository system. In addition, methods to further improve the efficiency were derived for the disposal area for deep geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel. The results of this study are expected to be useful in establishing a national high-level radioactive waste management policy, and for the design of a commercial deep geological repository system for spent nuclear fuels.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제13권5호
• /
• pp.605-612
• /
• 2000

Four young swamp buffalo cows of similar age ranging in weight between 280 to 380 kg and trained to do physical work were used in a study to determine energy and protein requirements for draught using a $4{\times}4$ Latin square designed experiment. The experiment consisted of field trials employing 4 levels of work load, e.g. no work as control, and loads amounting 450 to 500 Newton (N) pulled continuously for 1, 2 and 3 h daily for 14 consecutive days. Cows were fed king grass (Penisetum purpuroides) ad libitum and were subjected to materials balance trials. Body composition was estimated in vivo by the body density method and daily energy expenditure (EE) was calculated from ME minus retained energy (RE). The results show that EE while not working ($EE_{resting}$) was $0.42kgW^{0.75}MJ/d$ and maintenance ME ($ME_m$) was $0.37kgW^{0.75}MJ/d$. ME requirement increased to 1.65 times maintenance for the work of 3 hours. The energy expended for doing exercise ($E_{exercise}$) was 9.56, 20.0 and 25.86 MJ/cow for treatments 1, 2 and 3 II, respectively. Fat retention was absent in all groups of working cows, but protein retention was only negative for cows undertaking 3 h work. The relationship between $E_{exercise}$ (MJ), work load (F, kN), work duration (t, h) and body mass (W, kg) was found to be: $E_{exercise}=(0.003F^{1.43}t^{0.93})/W^{0.09}MJ$. The maintenance requirement for digestible protein was $2.51kgW^{0.75}g/d$, whereas digestible protein for growth ($DP_{growth}$) and for work ($DP_{work}$) followed the equations: $DP_{growth}=[(258+1.25W^{0.75}){\Delta}Wkg/d]g$ and $DP_{work}=[12.59e^{0.95t}]g$, respectively The coefficients a, b and c for the calculation of $E_{exercise}$ components according to the Lawrence equation were found to be 2.56 J/kgW.m, 5.2 J/kg load carried.m and 0.29, respectively, thus efficiencies to convert ME into work were 0, 16.09, 27.3 and 32.44% for control, 1, 2 and 3 h/d work, respectively. ME and DP requirements for a 250 to 400 kg working buffalo cow allowing to growth up to 0.5 kg/d are presented.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제34권6호
• /
• pp.707-718
• /
• 2019

This study assessed the nutrient consumption of children from lunch at day care centers and kindergartens. A total of 184 lunch plates were selected in two child day care centers and two kindergartens in Seoul. Weights of the menus in planned meals were measured and amount of served and consumed lunches were calculated using a digital photography technique. Nutrients of the planned, served, and consumed lunches were assessed using CAN-Pro 4.0 and the Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) was calculated for each meal. Compared with the estimated energy requirement for lunch for 3-5 year old children, the planned meals of the child day care centers and kindergartens contributed 42.8% and 98.8% of the daily energy requirements, respectively. At a child day care center, a served meal provided more nutrients than a planned meal since some children requested more servings after eating the served meals. This showed that the planned meal did not meet children's needs as well as the nutrient requirements. At the other child care center, children were served less than the planned meal by 6.8%, which resulted in serving less energy, calcium, potassium, and vitamin C than the required nutrients for lunch. Kindergarten A served meals with the energy requirement for lunch of 101.8%, but Kindergarten B served a meal with the energy requirement of 83.5%. Since the served portions were too small to meet nutrient requirements of the children, they consumed almost all the food served, and their nutrient consumption was similar to the nutrients served. Even though they consumed all the food served, their nutrient consumption did not meet their nutritional requirements. When assessed by INQ, the quality of the meal was good; children could consume enough nutrients when served proper quantity. Teachers who are responsible for serving meals need to be educated on proper portion sizes and how to encourage children to practice healthy eating. To promote healthy eating among children, parents need to provide children with messages consistent with what they have learned at institutions and to be a good role model in daily dietary life.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제2권3호
• /
• pp.178-183
• /
• 2008

The assessment of children's nutritional intakes is important because any nutritional inadequacies or toxicities may have adverse consequences. Studies on the nutritional intakes of Korean children are limited. The aims of this study were to determine anthropometric indices, estimate selectee nutrient intakes of young Korean children, and compare these intakes with current Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. This study included 136 healthy children(65 boys, 71 girls), 2-6 y old, living in Kwangju, Korea. Weights and heights were measured. Three consecutive 24-h food recalls were obtained. According to International Obesity Taskforce BMI cutoffs, 8% were overweight and 2% were obese. The energy intakes of 40% were < Korean Estimated Energy Requirements, while all subjects consumed $\geq$ Korean Estimated Average Requirement(EAR) for protein. The majority of the children consumed > Korean EAR for iron, zinc, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin $B_6$, and niacin. Vitamin E intakes of 65% of the Korean children were < Korean Adequate Intake, and approximately half of the subjects had < Korean EAR for calcium and for folate. Many young children in Kwangju, Korea, likely have inadequate status of calcium, folate, and vitamin E.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.135-148
• /
• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In times of disaster, simplified and minimized nutritional standards are necessary for a quick response to provide nutritious relief food. This study aimed to develop nutrient-based nutritional standards for foodservice at shelters during disasters in the Republic of Korea (South Korea). SUBJECTS/METHODS: The standards were developed in 2 phases. First, nutrients to be included in the standards were selected. Initial candidates were selected considering 3 aspects: preceding standards, insufficient intake during disasters, and inadequate intake among South Koreans. Final selection was made by excluding nutrients for 3 reasons: nutrients for which there is no deficiency concern in South Korea, nutrients whose intake data were not available, or nutrients whose values presented by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans are difficult to achieve based on the current diet among South Koreans. Second, the reference values of energy and the selected nutrients were calculated. The reference values for the entire population who were 1-year-old and over were calculated by multiplying the estimated energy requirements or the recommended nutrient intake and the proportion of each age and sex group. Respective reference values were also calculated for 4 different age groups (1-5, 6-11, 12-64, and ≥ 65-year-old). RESULTS: The standards for the entire population were 2,000 kcal for energy, 55 g for protein, 650 ㎍ retinol activity equivalents for vitamin A, 95 mg for vitamin C, 1.1 mg for thiamin, 1.3 mg for riboflavin, 14 mg niacin equivalents for niacin, 350 ㎍ dietary folate equivalents for folic acid, 750 mg for calcium, and 11 mg for iron. Four additional standards corresponding to each age group were developed. CONCLUSIONS: The nutritional standards during disasters were developed for South Korea, including energy and 9 nutrients with reference values for the entire population and 4 different age groups. The standards will contribute to maintaining the health of disaster evacuees in South Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.558-563
• /
• 2013

The present study was conducted to estimate energy requirements for maintenance in laying hens by using indirect calorimetry and energy balance. A total of 576 28-wk-old Nongda-3 laying hens with dwarf gene were randomly allocated into four ME intake levels (86.57, 124.45, 166.63 and 197.20 kcal/kg body weight $(BW)^{0.75}$ per d) with four replicates each. After a 4 d adaptation period, 36 hens from one replicate were maintained in one of the two respiration chambers to measure the heat production (HP) for 3 d during the feeding period and subsequent 3 d fast. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake was partitioned between heat increment (HI), HP associated with activity, fasting HP (FHP) and retained energy (RE). The equilibrium FHP may provide an estimate of NE requirements for maintenance (NEm). Results showed that HP, HI and RE in the fed state increased with ME intake level (p<0.05). Based on the regression of HP on ME intake, the estimated ME requirements for maintenance (MEm) was 113.09 kcal/kg $BW^{0.75}$ per d when ME intake equals HP. The FHP was decreased day by day with the lowest value on the third day of starvation. Except for lowest ME intake level, the FHP increased with ME intake level on the first day of starvation (p<0.05). The FHP at the two higher ME intake levels were greater than that at the two lower ME intake levels (p<0.05) but no difference was found between the two lower ME intake levels. Linear regression of HP from the fed state to zero ME intake yielded a value of 71.02 kcal/kg $BW^{0.75}$ per d, which is higher than the extrapolated FHP at zero ME intake (60.78, 65.23 and 62.14 kcal/kg $BW^{0.75}$ per d for the first, second and third day of fasting, respectively). Fasting time, lighting schedules, calculation methods and duration of adaptation of hens to changes in ME intake level should be properly established when using indirect calorimetry technique to estimate dietary NE content, MEm and NEm for laying hens.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국신재생에너지학회 2011년도 추계학술대회 초록집
• /
• pp.39.2-39.2
• /
• 2011

The new and renewable energy today has a great interest in all countries around the world. In special it has need more limit of the fossil fuel that needs of low carbon emission among the social necessary conditions. Recently, the high-rise building demand the structural safety, the economic feasibility and the functional design. The high-rise building spends enormous energy and it satisfied the design in solving energy requirements. The requirements of energy for the building depends on the partly form wind energy due to the cladding of the building that came from the surroundings of the high-rise building. In this study of the wind energy, the cladding of the building was assessed a tentative study. The wind energy obtains from several small wind powers that came from the building or the surrounding of the building. In making a cladding the wind energy forms with wind pressure by means of energy transformation methods. The assessment for the building cladding was surrounded of wind speed and wind pressure that was carried out as a result of numerical simulation of wind environment and wind pressure which is coefficient around the high-rise building with the computational fluid dynamics. In case of the obtained wind energy from the pressure of the building cladding was estimated by the simulation of CFD of the building. The wind energy at this case was calculated by energy transform methods: the wind pressure coefficients were obtained from the simulated model for wind environment using CFD as follow. The concept for the factor of $E_f$ was suggested in this study. $$C_p=\frac{P_{surface}}{0.5{\rho}V^{2ref}}$$ $$E_c=C_p{\cdot}E_f$$ Where $C_p$ is wind pressure coefficient from CFD, $E_f$ means energy transformation parameter from the principle of the conservation of energy and $E_c$ means energy from the building cladding. The other wind energy that is $E_p$ was assessed by wind power on the building or building surroundings. In this case the small wind power system was carried out for wind energy on the place with the building and it was simulated by computational fluid dynamics. Therefore the total wind energy in the building was calculated as the follows. $$E=E_c+E_p$$ The energy transformation, which is $E_f$ will need more research and estimation for various wind situation of the building. It is necessary for the assessment to make a comparative study about the wind tunnel test or full scale test.