• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.115-121
• /
• 1980

The oils extracted with n-hexane from 6 samples of rapeseed (5 Korean samples and 1 Canadian sample) and samples of rapeseed salad oil at the market in Korea were examined. The physical and chemical characteristics of the oils were determined, and the lipid components of the oils were determined by column, thin layer-and gas liquid chromatography. The results obtained were as follows 1. The average crude fat contents in rapeseed was 43.3 % and the content of Korean was higher than that of Canadian by about 3 %. 2. The average values of specific gravity-, refractive-index, saponification value, iodine value, acid value and nonsaponifiable content of the crude oils extracted from Korean rapeseed were 0.9133, 1.4726, 103.6, 0.51 and 1.17%, respectively. 3. The average content of polar and nonpolar in total lipids were 2.7 % and 97.3 % respectively. Triglyceride was the predominant in nonpolar fraction, averaging 92.7 % of total lipids while sterol esters and diglycerides constituted 1.5 % and 1.2 % of the total. Monoglycerides, free fatty acids and free sterols were minor components of the nonpolar fraction. The polar lipids were primarily phospholipids(1.8%), but a significant amount of glycolipid (0.7%) was also found in each oil. 4. The fatty acid compositions in the total lipids showed the Korean rapeseeds averaged 46.7 % erucic, 15 % oleic, 13.4 % linoleic, 9.3 % eicosenoic and 4.3 % palmitic acids. The Canadian rapeseed, however, contained only 0.7 % of erucic acid. 5. The fatty acid compositions in nonpolar lipid fractions was similar to the pattern in those of the total lipids. But phospholipid and glycolipid fractions were lower in erucic acid content than nonpolar lipid fractions.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.67-77
• /
• 2001

In search for several fatty acid with unusual structure in vegetable oils, we have found that unknown peaks were shown on GLC in the analysis of fatty acids of the lipids from the pulp of ripened jujube (Zizypus jujuba var. inermis) fruits. These fatty acids were identified as a series of cis-monoenoic acids with ${\omega}-5$ double bond system such as $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$, $C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$, including ${\omega}-7$ fatty acid as $C_{16:1{\omega}7}$ and $C_{18:1{\omega}7}$, by GLC, solid-phase extraction silver ion-column chromatographic, GLC-mass spectrometric and IR techniques. First of all, total fatty acid methyl esters were resolved into saturated and branched fatty acid, monoenoic acid, dienoic acid, and trienoic acid fraction, respectively, with 100% dichloromethane (DCM), DCM/acetone (9:1, v/v) 100% acetone, and acetone/ acetonitrile (97:3, v/v) solvent system. Unknown fatty acids were included in the monoenoic fraction and were confirmed to have cis-configuration by IR. Picolinyl esters of monoenoic fatty acids gave distinct molecular ion peak and dominant diagnostic peaks, for example, m/z 317, 220 and 260 fragment for $cis-C_{14:1{\omega}5}$, m/z 345, m/z 248 and 288 fragment for $cis-C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ and m/z 373, m/z 276 and 316 fragment for $cis-C_{18:1{\omega}5}$. In this way the occurrence of $cis-C_{16:1{\omega}7}$ and $cis-C_{18:1{\omega}7}$ could be deduced from the appearance of prominent fragments as m/z 345, 220 and 260, and m/z 373, 248 and 280. Level of total ${\omega}-5$ fatty acids amounted to about 30% in the fatty acid composition with the predominance of $C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ $ (18.7{\sim}25.0%)$, in the semi-ripened and/or ripened samples collected in September 14 ($C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ ; 18.7%, $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$ ; 3.6% and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$ ; 3.0%), September 22 ($C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ ; 25.0%, $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$ ; 1.4% and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$ ; 2.6%), and October $7 (C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ ; 24.7%, $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$ ; 7.7% and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$ ; 2.5%). However, the lipids extracted from unripened jujube in July and August contain these unusual fatty acids as low as negligible. It could be observed that the level of ${\omega}-5$ fatty acids in the pulps increased sharply with an elapse of ripening time of jujube fruits. Other monoenoic fatty acids with ${\omega}-7$ series, $C_{16:1{\omega}7}$ (palmitoleic acid) and $C_{18:1{\omega}7}$ (cis-vaccenic acid) could be detected. And in the lipids of the kernel and leaf of jujube, none of ${\omega}-5$ fatty acids could be detected.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.787-795
• /
• 2001

For the developing natural fisheries flavoring substances using crustacea, the flavor constituents of enzyme hydrolysates from shore swimming crab (crab) and spotted shrimp (shrimp) were investigated. In taste-active compounds of both enzyme hydrolysates, total free amino acid contents of crab and shrimp enzyme hydrolysates were 5,226.7 mg% and 8,757.3 mg%, respectively. The major amino acids were taurine, glutamic acid, proline, asparagine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, lysine anserine and arginine. As for ATP related compounds, AMP was the principal component and small amounts of IMP was detected in both enzyme hydrolysates. In the quarternary ammonium bases, betaine was the principal component (593.8mg%), and contents of TMAO and betaine in both samples were 60.7 mg% and 850.0 mg%, 124.1 mg% and 755.9 mg%, respectively. The major components were Na, K, P and Cl in inorganic ions. The major fatty acids of both sample were 14 : 0, 16 : 0, 16 : 1n7, 18 : 1n9, 20 : 5n3 and 22 : 6n3, and composition ration of n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of were 27.8% and 28.5%, respectively. Total 99~109 volatile compounds were detected as a cooked odor of crab and shrimp enzyme hydrolysates by SDE apparatus/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The volatile flavor compounds identified from cooked crab enzyme hydrolysate were composed of 6 acids, 10 alcohols, 7 aldehydes, 11 ketones, 1 ester, 5 phenols, 4 benzenes, 22 hydrocarbons, 1 furan, 21 nitrogen containing compounds and 11 micellaneous compounds. And the volatile flavor compounds indentified from cooked shrimp enzyme hydrolysate were composed of 13 acids, 10 alcohols, 6 aldehydes, 10 ketones, 3 esters, 2 phenols, 5 benzenes, 36 hydrocarbons, 1 furan, 14 nitrogen containing compounds and 8 micellaneous compounds.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.36 no.9
• /
• pp.1120-1127
• /
• 2007

This study was designed to examine the effects of n-6 PUFA rich corn oil, n-3 PUFA rich perilla oil and their conjugated double bond derivatives on serum lipids status in rats. Experimental diets containing lard (control), corn oil (CO), perilla oil (PO), conjugated double bond derivatives of n-6 PUFA rich corn oil (TCO) and n-3 PUFA rich perilla oil (TPO) at the level of 10% (w/w) were fed to male Sprague Dawley rats for 4 weeks. TCO was found to have three derivatives of linoleic acid and TPO had five derivatives of linolenic acid by GC. Serum total cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the all experimental groups than in the control group, and particularly, the lowest in TCO and TPO groups. HDL-cholesterol concentrations were a little higher in the all experimental groups than in the control group, and TCO and TPO groups were not significantly different from CO and PO groups. Serum LDL, LDL-cholesterol, chylomicron and triglyceride concentrations were significantly lower in the all experimental groups than in the control group, remarkably lower in TCO group and particularly, the lowest in the TPO group. Serum free cholesterol and cholesteryl ester concentrations were lower in TCO and TPO groups than in CO and PO groups. From the above research, TCO and TPO groups were effective on the improvement of the lipid compositions in serum and particularly, TPO group was the most effective on the improvement of serum lipids.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.485-491
• /
• 2011

The present study evaluated the soil microbial communities by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) in upland soils at 25 sites in Gyeongnam Province. The total bacteria content was $143nmol\;g^{-1}$ for in inclined piedmont, $75nmol\;g^{-1}$ for fan and valley, $49nmol\;g^{-1}$ for hill areas, and $44nmol\;g^{-1}$ for riversider plain. The fungi content was 2.4 times higher in sandy loam than $21nmol\;g^{-1}$ in silt loam (p<0.01). In addition, inclined piedmont soils had a significantly higher ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids compared with fan and valley soils (p<0.05). The communities of total bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the inclined piedmont soils were significantly higher than those in the fan and valley soils and in the riversider plain soils (p<0.05), whereas the community of fungi was significantly lower (p<0.05). In principal component analyses of soil microbial communities, our findings showed that inclined piedmont was positive relationship with total bacteria and actinomycetes in upland soils.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.260-267
• /
• 2018

BACKGROUND: In this study, shoots of Aralia elata and Kalopanax pictus which belong to the Araliaceae family were analyzed using UPLC-DAD-ESI(+)-QToF/MS to characterize of individual phenolic acids. METHODS AND RESULTS: Total thirteen phenolic acids were identified, and nine hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives have been identified for the first time in shoots of Aralia elata and Kalopanax pictus. For total phenolic acid content (mg/100g dry weight), shoots of Aralia elata and Kalopanax pictus showed 754.8 and 845.3 mg/100g, respectively. 5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid (49%) and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (44%) were found as major phenolic acids in Aralia elata, while 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (91%) was a major component in Kalopanax pictus. CONCLUSION: On comparing the two plants, it was considered that the biosynthesis of 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid can be affected by 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid in Aralia elata.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.985-994
• /
• 2018

Bio-heavy oil for power generation is a product made by mixing animal fat, vegetable oil and fatty acid methyl ester or its residues and is being used as steam heavy fuel(B-C) for power generation in Korea. However, if the fuel supply system of the fuel pump, the flow pump, the injector, etc., which is transferred to the boiler of the generator due to the composition of the raw material of the bio-heavy oi, causes abrasive wear, it can cause serious damage. Therefore, this study evaluates the fuel characteristics and lubricity properties of various raw materials of bio-heavy oil for power generation, and suggests fuel composition of biofuel for power generation to reduce frictional wear of generator. The average value of lubricity (HFRR abrasion) for bio-heavy oil feedstocks for power generation is $137{\mu}m$, and it varies from $60{\mu}m$ to $214{\mu}m$ depending on the raw materials. The order of lubricity is Oleo pitch> BD pitch> CNSL> Animal fat> RBDPO> PAO> Dark oil> Food waste oil. The average lubricity for the five bio-heavy oil samples is $151{\mu}m$ and the distribution is $101{\mu}m$ to $185{\mu}m$. The order of lubricity is Fuel 1> Fuel 3> Fuel 4> Fuel 2> Fuel 5. Bio-heavy oil samples (average $151{\mu}m$) show lower lubricity than heavy oil C ($128{\mu}m$). It is believed that bio-heavy oil for power generation is composed of fatty acid material, which is lower in paraffin and aromatics content than heavy oil(B-C) and has a low viscosity and high acid value, resulting in inhibition of the formation of lubricating film by acidic component. Therefore, in order to reduce friction and abrasion, it is expected to increase the lubrication of fuel when it contains more than 60% Oleo pitch and BD pitch as raw materials of bio-heavy oil for power generation.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.170-179
• /
• 2022

Glutamic acid is a precursor of essential amino acids that play an important role in plant growth and development. It is one of the biostimulants that reduce cold stress damage by stimulating biosynthetic pathways leading to cryoprotectants. This study evaluated the effects of glutamic acid foliar application on Kimchi cabbage under low-temperature stress. There were six treatments, combining three photo-/dark periods temperature levels (11/-1℃ extremely low, E; 16/4℃ moderately low, M; and 21/9℃ optimal, O) with and without glutamic acid foliar application (0 and 10 mg·L^-1; Glu 0 and Glu 10). Glutamic acid foliar application was sprayed once 10 days after transplanting, and then temperature treatment immediately after glutamic acid foliar application was conducted for up to four days. After four days of treatment, abscisic acid (ABA), phaseic acid (PA), dihydrophaseic acid (DPA), and abscisic acid-glucose ester (ABA-GE) contents were higher with Glu 10 treatment than Glu 0 treatment in M treatment. Glucose content was highest in E with Glu 10 treatment (52.1 mg·100 g^-1 dry weight), while fructose content was highest in O with Glu 0 treatment (134.6 mg·100 g^-1 dry weight). The contents of glucolepiddin (GLP), glucobrassicin (GBS), 4-methoxyglucobrassicin (4MGBS), neoglucobrassicin (GNBS), and gluconasturtiin (GNS) were highest among all treatments in E with Glu 10 treatments (0.72, 2.05, 1.67, 9.40 and 0.85 µmol·g^-1 dry weight). After two days of treatment, rapid changes in PA and DPA contents of E with Glu 10 treatments were confirmed, and several individual glucosinolate contents (GLP, GBS, 4MGBS, GNBS, and GNS) were significantly different depending on low temperature and glutamic acid treatment. In addition, the content of fructose was significantly lower than that of O treatment in E and M treatments after four days of treatment. Therefore, although the changes in PA, DPA, glucose, fructose, and individual glucosinolates according to low temperature and glutamic acid foliar treatment were shown. A clear correlation between low temperature and glutamic acid effects could not be evaluated. Results indicated that Brassica crops are cryophilic vegetables, do not react sensitively to low temperatures, and mostly have cold resistance.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.247-258
• /
• 2023

This study aims to investigate the enhancement of water resistance and improvement in adhesion to the skin by combining dextrin palmitate and isopropyl titanium triisostearate coating materials with titanium dioxide. Due to the recent increase in consumers who enjoy outdoor activities, the demand for sunscreen with excellent water resistance is increasing. Prior research was conducted with O/W, Pickering, and W/O/W multiple formulations, but there was a limit to water resistance. The purpose of this study is to develop a complex inorganic powder that can improve water resistance and increase adhesion to the skin to solve this problem. First, we combined dextrin palmitate and isopropyl titanium triisostearate coating materials to form a composite with titanium dioxide. The coating of the inorganic powder was confirmed using FE-SEM and FT-IR analysis. The composite exhibited significantly higher in vitro water resistance compared to other formulations. The hydrophobicity of the coated inorganic powder was compared by measuring the contact angles. When the coated inorganic powder was applied to the W/O sunscreen formulation and the non-coated inorganic powder was applied to the W/O sunscreen formulation as a control, the SPF of the sunscreen containing the coated inorganic powder was higher. These results were the same when observed with a UV camera. Finally the adhesion of the coated inorganic powder to the skin was assessed by applying it to a foundation product. In vivo study, it was observed that the product formulated with the coated powder exhibited less smudging compared to the foundation product formulated with the non-coated powder. The developed inorganic powder in this study demonstrated excellent adhesion to the skin, providing a superior sensory experience, as well as enhanced hydrophobicity and remarkable water resistance effects. In the future, the result of this study is expected to help develop various sunscreen products to improve water resistance.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.47-54
• /
• 2024

Jatropha oil extracted from the seeds of Nepalese Jatropha curcas, a non-edible crop, was used as a raw material and converted to biodiesel through a two-step process consisting of an esterification reaction and a transesterification reaction. Amberlyst-15 catalyst was applied to the esterification reaction between the free fatty acids contained in the Jatropha oil and methanol. The acid value of the Jatropha oil could be lowered from 11.0 to 0.26 mgKOH/g through esterification. Biodiesel was synthesized through a transesterification reaction between Jatropha oil with an acid value of 0.26 mgKOH/g and methanol over NaOH/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts. As the loading amount of NaOH increased from 3 to 25 wt%, the specific surface area decreased from 129 to 28 m²/g and the pore volume decreased from 0.249 to 0.129 cm³/g. The amount and intensity of base sites over the NaOH/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts increased simultaneously with the NaOH loading amount. It was confirmed that the optimal NaOH loading amount for the NaOH/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst was 12 wt%. The optimal temperature for the transesterification reaction of Jatropha oil using the NaOH/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst was selected to be 65 ℃. In the transesterification reaction of Jatropha oil using the NaOH/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst, the reaction rate was affected by external diffusion limitation when the stirring speed was below 150 RPM, however the external diffusion limitation was negligible at higher stirring speeds.