• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.533-544
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• 2002

The neutron induced nuclear data for Mo-95, Tc-99, Ru-101 and Rh-103 was calculated and evaluated in the fast energy region. The energy dependent optical model potential parameters were extracted based on the recent experimental data and applied up to 20 MeV. The s-wave strength function was calculated from the parameters. Spherical optical model, statistical model in equilibrium energy, multistep direct and multistep compound model in pre-equilibrium energy and direct capture model were used in the calculation. The theoretically calculated cross sections were compared with the experimental data and the evaluated files The model- calculated total and capture cross sections were in good agreement with the reference experimental data. The direct capture contribution improved the capture cross sections in pre- equilibrium region. The evaluated cross section results were compiled to ENDF-6 format and will improve the ENDF/B-Vl.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.370-381
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• 2002

The neutron induced nuclear data for Pr-141, Nd-143, Nd-145, Sm-147 and Sm-149 were calculated and evaluated from 10 keV to 20 MeV. The energy dependent optical model potential parameters were extracted based on the recent experimental data and applied up to 20 MeV. The s-wave strength function was calculated. Spherical optical model , statistical model in equilibrium energy, multistep direct and multistep compound model in pre-equilibrium energy and direct capture model were introduced in Empire calculation. The theoretically calculated cross sections were compared with the experimental data and the evaluated files. The model calculated total and capture cross sections were in good agreement with the reference experimental data. The capture cross sections in pre-equilibrium were enhanced in recent released Empire version. The evaluated cross section results were compiled to ENDF-6 format and will improve the ENDF/B-Vl.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.22 no.8 s.173
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• pp.192-198
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• 2005

In this paper, we propose a new training system for the improvement of equilibrium sense using unstable platform. The equilibrium sense, which provides orientation with respect to gravity, is important to integrate the vision, somatosensory and vestibular function to maintain the equilibrium sense of the human body. In order to improve the equilibrium sense, we developed the software program such as a block game, pingpong game using Visual C++. These training system for the equilibrium sense consists of unstable platform, computer interface and software program. The unstable platform was a simple structure of elliptical-type which included tilt sensor, wireless RF module and the device of power supply. To evaluate the effect of balance training, we measured and evaluated the parameters as the moving time to the target, duration to maintain cursor in the target of screen and the error between sine curve and acquired data. As a results, the moving time to the target and duration to maintain cursor in the target was improved through the repeating training of equilibrium sense. It was concluded that this system was reliable in the evaluation of equilibrium sense. This system might be applied to clinical use as an effective balance training system.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.91-103
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• 1995

The reaction rate, equilibrium, and flow injection analysis methods were fundamentally evaluated for the determination of aqueous ammonia. The selected indophenol blue method was based on the formation of indophenol blue in which ammonium ion reacted with hypochlorite and phenol in alkaline solution. In the optimized reaction condition, the reaction followed 1st order reaction kinetics and the final product was stable. The absorbance measurements before and after the equilibrium were utilized for the reaction rate and equilibrium methods. The reaction rate methods, based on the relative analytical signals for the possibility of eliminating interferents, were shown to have good linear calibration curves but the detection limit and the calibration sensitivity were poorer than those in the equilibrium method. The detection limits were 32-49 pub and 24 pub for the reaction rate and equilibrium methods, respectively In the flow injection analysis, the absorbance was measured before the equilibrium reached and thus resulted in 30% reduction of calibration sensitivity. However, the detection limit was 11 ppb, indicating that the peak-to-peak noise for the blank was remarkably improved. Compared to the manual methods, the optimized experimental condition in a closed reaction system reduced the blank absorbance and the inclusion of ammonia from the atmosphere was prevented. In addition, highly reproducible mixing of sample and reagents and analytical data extracted from continuous recording showed excellent reproducibility.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.127-137
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• 1997

Equilibrium concentrations of major elements in an underground repository with a capacity of 100,000 drums have been simulated using the geochemical computer code (EQMOD). The simulation has been carried out at the conditions of pH 12 to 13.5, and Eh 520 and -520 mV. Solubilities of magnesium and calcium decrease with the increase of pH. The solubility of iron increases with pH at Eh -520 mV of reducing environment while it almost entirely exists as the precipitate of Fe(OH)$_3$(s) at Eh 520 mV of oxidizing environment. All of cobalt and nickel are predicted to be dissolved in the liquid phase regardless of pH since the solubility limit is greater than the total concentration. In the case of cesium and strontium, all forms of both ions are present in the liquid phase because they have negligible sorption capacity on cement and large solubility under disposal atmosphere. And thus the total concentration determines the equilibrium concentration. Adsorbed amount of iodide and carbonate are dependent on adsorption capacity and adsorption equilibrium constant. Especially, the calcite turns out to be a solubility-limiting phase on the carbonate system. In order to validate the model, the equilibrium concentrations measured for a number of systems which consist of iron, cement, synthetic groundwater and radionuclides are compared with those predicted by the model. The concentrations between the model and the experiment of nonadsorptive elements cesium, strontium, cobalt nickel and iron, are well agreed. It indicates that the assumptions and the thermodynamic data in this work are valid. Using the adsorption equilibrium constant as a free parameter, the experimental data of iodide and carbonate have been fitted to the model. The model is in a good agreement with the experimental data of the iodide system.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.119-129
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• 2013

We compared equilibrium evaporation($E_{equili}$) eddy-covariance($E_{eddy}$) with soil moisture data($E_{SMseries}$) which were measured with a 2 hours sampling interval at three points for a humid forest hillslope from May 5th to May 31th in 2009. Accumulations of $E_{eddy}$, $E_{equili}$ for the study period were estimated as 2.52, 3.28 mm and those of $E_{SMseries}$ were ranged from 1.91 to 2.88 mm. It suggested that the eddy-covariance method considering the spatial heterogeneity of soil evaporation is useful to evaluate the soil evaporation. Method A, B and C were proposed using mean meterological data and daily moisture variation and the computations were compared to eddy-covariance method and equilibrium evaporation. The methods using soil moisture data can describe the variations of soil evaporation from eddy-covariance through simple moving average analysis. Method B showed a good matched with eddy-covariance method. This indicated that Dry Surface Layer (DSL) at 14:00 which was used for method B is important variable for the evaluation of soil evaporation. The total equilibrium evaporation was not significantly different to those of the others. However, equilibrium evaporation showed a problem in estimating soil evaporation because the temporal tendency of $E_{equili}$ was not related with the those of the other methods. The improved understanding of the soil evaporation presented in this study will contribute to the understandings of water cycles in a forest hillslope.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.19-28
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• 2004

This study is concerned with the method of equilibrium-pressure prediction from transient data. Pressure measurement system consisted of pressure sensor and pressure tube. The surface orifice where pressure is measured is connected to a pressure sensor by a tube. In case of high orifice pressure, the pressure sensor responds rapidly to the orifice pressure. But when the orifice pressure is low the pressure sensor does not respond rapidly to the orifice pressure and time lag occurs seriously. Various test conditions are applied to investigate the time lag and to assess the methods of equilibrium-pressure prediction. The test time of the low-pressure measurement can be reduced by the method of equilibrium-pressure prediction of the present study.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.221-231
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• 2008

This study attempts to perform the statistical tests for the comovement of the stock prices between Korea and U.S. by using the weekly data instead of the usual daily data. The restoring pattern, from the short-run disequilibrium to the long-run equilibrium point, is also carefully estimated if the long-run relationships exist between the stock prices. The cointegrating relations between the stock prices appear to begin to hold during the period of the financial crisis. It is found to be consistently estimated that the equilibrium error is slowly eliminated till the end of the financial crisis, while quickly removed after the period.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.296-300
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• 2003

A large equilibrium and kinetic data set for multi-component cation exchanges was obtained and tested with mass action law and surface complexation model. The systematic batch equilibrium and column experiments of cation adsorption were conducted for binary, ternary, quaternary, and quinary cation exchanges involving $ H^{+}, Li^ {+}, Na^{+}, NH$_4$^{+}, Mg^{2+} $ on a strongly acidic cation exchange resin IRN 77. The mass action law and surface complexation model were tested against both data set to investigate the consistency of ion selectivity and their predictability for competitive cation exchanges. Surface complexation model provided more accurate predictions for both equilibrium and kinetic experimental data than mass action model.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.871-876
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• 2011

In this paper, the equilibrium flight conditions of a Korean Traditional Bangpae Kite with low aspect ratio were analyzed by it's aerodynamic data of wind tunnel test. The data of aerodynamic forces and center of pressure of the Kite were used to calculate the relative length of bridles to satisfy the condition of settling the kite to the static equilibrium steady state between ${\theta}=30^{\circ}{\sim}60^{\circ}$. From this equilibrium flight performance analysis, we obtained ($0.88{\pm}0.02$)c of the rear bridle length corresponding to 0.88c of fixed front bridle length. These results were exact agreement with the relative bridle lengths by Korean classical method.