• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.141-161
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• 2006

Purpose : This study was performed to investigate the effects of Sobokchukeo- Tang(SCT) on the experimentally-induced endometriosis in rats. Materials and Methods : Endometriosis was induced via the surgical autotransplantation technique in rats. A laparotomy was performed and a $4\;{\times}\;4\;mm$ of the right uterine horn was resected incised and sutured to the peritoneum. And the animals divided into control(n=8) and SCT-treated group(n=8). SCT(1,000 mg/head) was administered orally for 15 days after operation. The weights(body, left uterus, and ovaries) and concentrations of cytokines(MCP-1,$TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-l{\beta}$) were measured. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry for COX-2, and histochemistry for mast cells of the transplanted uterine tissues were performed. Results : - The $volume(mm^3)$ of transplanted uterine tissues of SCT-treated group$(92.88{\pm}41.89)$ was significantly(p<<0.01) decreased than the control group $(404.50{\pm}317.68)$. The concentration(pg/ml) of MCP-1 in ascites of SCT-treated group$(5,256{\pm}1,209)$ was significantly(p<<0.001) decreased than the control group$(8,632{\pm}1,245)$. - The concentration(pg/ml) of $TNF-{\alpha}$ in ascites of SCT-treated group$(521.8{\pm}306.1)$ was significantly(p<<0.01) decreased than the control group$(1,245.2{\pm}362.2)$. - The percentage of COX-2 positive epithelial layer in transplanted uterine tissues of SCT-treated group$(25.0{\pm}7.3)$ was significantly(p<<0.001) decreased than the control group$(50.2{\pm}8.2)$. - The number of mast cells in the stroma of transplanted uterine tissues of SCT-treated group$(16.5{\pm}6.8)$ was significantly(p<<0.05) decreased than the control group$(26.0{\pm}7.7)$. - The number of mast cells in the periphery of transplanted uterine tissues of control group$(71.3{\pm}18.5)$ was significantly(p<<0.01) decreased than the control group$(109.3{\pm}30.2)$. - Proliferation of epithelia, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and microanglogenesis in transplanted uterine tissues of treated group were weakly observed than the control group. Conclusion : From the above results, Sobokchukeo-Tang(SCT) has an inhibitory effect on the development of transplanted uterine tissue in rats and it is related to the decreased concentration of MCP-1 and $TNF-{\alpha}$, and decreased expression of COX-2, and decreased infiltration of mast cells by administration of Sobokchukeo-Tang.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.61-83
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the effects of Keukhachukeo-Tang (KCT) on the development of experimentally-induced endometriosis in rats. Methods : Endometriosis was induced in rats by autotransplanting uterine tissue to the peritoneum and devided them into three groups: (1) sham-operated group (n=8), (2) surgically induced endometriosis and untreated control group (n =8), (3) surgically induced endometriosis and KCT treated group. KCT (1,200 mg/head) was orally administrated for 15 days after operation. Then we measured the body weight, the volumes of endometriotic implants. The weight (body, left uterus and ovaries) and concentrations of cytokines (MCP-1, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-l${\beta}$) in serum and peritoneal fluid were also measured. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry for COX-2, and histochemistry for mast cells in transplanted uterine tissue were performed. Results : - The volumes(mm$^3$) of endometriotic implants in KCT-treated group (107${\pm}$66) were significantly decreased (p<0.05) compared with control group (405${\pm}$318). - The contents(pg/ml) of MCP-1 in peritoneal fluid in KCT-treated group (6,940${\pm}$893) were significantly decreased (p<0.01) compared with control group (8,632${\pm}$1,245). - The contents(pg/ml) of TNF-${\alpha}$ in peritoneal fluid in KCT-treated group (847${\pm}$330) were significantly decreased (p<0.05) compared with control group (1,245${\pm}$362). - The percentages(%) of positive epithelial layers for COX-2 in KCT-treated group (31${\pm}$10) were significantly decreased (p<0.01) compared with control group (50${\pm}$8). - The numbers of mast cells in adjacent tissue of transplanted uterine tissue in KCT-treated group (69${\pm}$18) were significantly decreased (p<0.01) compared with control group (109${\pm}$30). - The numbers of mast cells in stroma of transplanted uterine tissue in KCT-treated group(16${\pm}$5) were significantly decreased (p<0.01) compared with control group (26${\pm}$8). - Histopathologically, proliferation of endometriotic epithelia and stroma, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in transplanted uterine tissue of KCT-treated group were weakly observed than those of control group. Conclusion : From the above results, Keukhachukeo-Tang (KCT) have inhibiting effects on the development of transplanted uterine tissue. And these effects are related to the decreased concentration of MCP-1 and TNF-${\alpha}$, decreased expression of COX-2, and decreased infiltration of mast cells by administration of Keukhachukeo-Tang.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.87-101
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• 1997

The development of trachea in fetuses on 60, 90 and 120 days of gestation and neonates of Korean native goats was investigated by microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results were summarized as follows; Light microscopic studies: 1. In the 60-day-old fetuses, the tracheal walls were differentiated and divided into four layers of the mucosa, submucosa, muscle and cartilage, and adventitia. The tracheal epithelium is composed of stratified ciliated columnar epithelium at 60- and 90-day-old fetuses while the epithelium observed at 120-day-old fetuses was pseudostraified ciliated colummar epithelium. 2. In the 90-day-old fetuses, tracheal glands extended into the submucosa and peripheral area of the tracheal cartilage. The blood vessels were observed in the submucosa and adventitia. The elastic and collagenous fibers were observed in the tracheal walls. 3. In the neonates, the tracheal walls consisted of mucosa with well-developed folds, submucosa, tracheal glands, muscle and cartilage, collagenous and elastic fibers, and adventitia, which were more developed than those of 120-day-old fetuses. The tracheal epithelium was developed as that in adults. Scanning electron microscopic studies: 4. In the 60-day-old fetuses, most of tracheal epithelial cells were nonciliated but short microvilli were sporadically observed on the luminal surface. On rare occasions, a few cells have solitary cilium. 5. In the 90-day-old fetuses, the ciliated cells appeared increasingly and cilia elongated longer than those of 60-day-old fetuses. 6. In the 120-day-old fetuses, the nonciliated cells covered with microvilli in dome-shape were barriered by thick carpet of cilia. The nonciliated cells also have many papillary projectons on the apical surface. 7. In the neonates, the nonciliated cells in tracheal epithelium were covered compactly with numerous cilia, and many secretory droplets were found on the cilia. Transmission electron microscopic studies: 8. In the 60-day-old fetuses, nonciliated cells of the tracheal epithelium contain large amounts of glycogen granules in the supernuclear and subnuclear areas meanwhile a few cell organelles were formed. Cilia were well formed along the apical cell membranes of the ciliated cells. Also found in the ciliated cells were basal corpuscles, mitochondria and short chains in granular endoplasmic reticulum(GER). Between the epithelial cells presented were well-defined junctional complex with zonula occludens and desmosomes. The nuclei were variable in size and shape. The more developed nucleoli were observed conspicuosly. 9. In the 90-day-old fetuses, nonciliated cells contained large glycogen granules. Accumulated glycogen granules were observed in the subnuclear and supranuclear portion of the cytoplasm. A few short microvilli were covered with glycocalyx. Ciliated cells contained numerous mitochondria and short chains of GER. 10. In the 120-day-old fetuses, the ciliated cells contained numerous mitochondria, abundant short chains of GER and nucleoli. Nonciliated cells contained some Golgi complex and mitochondria. The cell borders were well-defined and distinct junctional complex with zonula occludens, desmosomes, and interdigitorum. 11. In the neonates, well-developed goblet cells were observed in the tracheal epithelium. Ultrastructures of ciliated and nonciliated cells on the tracheal epithelia were similar in pattern as those in adults.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.70-75
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• 2003

The objective of the present study was to investigate the uptake process of 4-Phenylazobenzoxycarbonyl-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-D-Arg (Pz-peptide), a hydrophilic and collagenase-labile pentapeptide, by isolated hepatocytes. For comparison, the uptake of Pz-peptide by Caco-2 cells and colonic cells, two known paracellular routes of Pz-peptide, was also evaluated. A simple and sensitive reversed-phase HPLC assay method using UV detection has been developed. The coefficient of variation for all the criteria of validation were less than 15%. The method was, therefore, considered to be sutable for measuring the concentration of Pz-peptide in the biological cells. Pz-peptide was extensively uptaked into hepatocytes. The initial velocity of Pz-peptide uptake assessed from the initial slope of the curve was plotted as Eadie-Hofstee plots. The maximum velocity ($V_{max}$) and the Michaelis constant ($K_m$) were 0.190$\pm$0.020 $nmol/min/10^6$ cells and 12.1$\pm$3.23 $\mu$M, respectively. The permeability-surface area product ($PS{influx}$) was calculated to be 0.0157 ml/min/10^6$ cells. $V_{max}$ and $K_m$ values for Caco-2 cells were calculated to be 6.22$\pm$0.930 pmol/min/10^6$ cells and 82.8$\pm$8.37 $\mu$M, respectively, being comparable with those of colonocytes (6.04$\pm$1.03 pmol/min/10^6$ cells and 87.8$\pm$13.2 $\mu$M, respectively). $PS_{influx}$ values for Caco-2 cells and colonocytes were calculated to be 0.0751 $\mu$l/min/10^6$ cells and 0.0688 $\mu$l/min/10^6$ cells, respectively. The more pronounced uptake of Pz-peptide by hepatocytes, when compared with Caco-2 cells and colonocytes, is probably due to its specific transporter. In conclusion, Pz-peptide, a paracellularly transported pentapeptide in the intestine and ocular epithelia, was uptaked into hepatocytes extensively. Although Pz-peptide is able to be uptaked into the Caco-2 cells and colonocytes, it is less pronounced when compared with hepatocytes. $PS_{influx}$ values of Caco-2 cells and colonocytes for unbound Pz-peptide under linear conditions were less than 0.4% when compared with that of hepatocytes.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2006

한국산 칼납자루의 암컷은 산란시기가 되면 배지느러미 기부 부근에 돌출되어 신장되어 나타나는 배측융기가 형성된다. 이러한 배측융기는 직장(항문)부분과 내측산란관으로 구성되었다. 직장은 점막층, 점막하층, 근육층과 이들을 둘러싸는 다층의 표층으로 구성되어 있으며 특히 점막층에는 산성 점액다당류인 점액세포가 존재한다. 한편 내측산란관은 직장과 비슷한 구조를 가지고 있으나 점막층에는 점액세포가 존재하지 않는 특징을 보였다. 한편 외측산란관은 배측융기와 연결되지 않아 가늘고, 긴 관의 형태를 보이고 있으나 내측산란관과 달리 근육층이 존재하지 않아 점막층, 점막하층, 다층의 표피층으로 구성되어 있다. 이러한 결과로 보아 근육층을 가지는 내측산란관은 성숙란을 외측산란관으로 내보기 위해 연동운동과 관련있는 반면에 외측산란관은 근육층이 존재하지 않아 내측산란관으로부터 방출된 성숙란을 단지 이매패 속으로 전달하는 단순한 관의 역할을 하는 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2002

To identify and evaluate the dichlorobenzidine(DCB)-DNA adducts in liver cell and bladder epithelial cells by $^{32}$ P-postlabeling and GC/MS-SIM, we orally exposed the dichlorobenzidine(20mg/kh body wt./day) to male Sprague-Dawley rats(l85$\pm$10g) for 14 days. Two kinds of DCB-DNA adduct(A1 and A2) were found at the same site of thin layer chromatogram of $^{32}$ P-postlabeling method in liver cells and bladder epithelial cells. In liver cells, relative adduct labeling(RAL) $\times$ 10$^{12}$ of DCB-DNA adduct A1 were 34.1$\pm$3.71 and 69.9$\pm$5.02, that of adduct A2 were 74.1$\pm$10.1 and 105.1$\pm$10.1 on 10 and 14 days after treatment, respectively. And in bladder epithelia cells, RAL $\times$ 10$^{12}$ of DCB-DNA adduct A1 were 5.92$\pm$1.60 and 15.9$\pm$1.31, that of adduct A2 were 9.81$\pm$2.81 and 22.8$\pm$1.79 on 10 and 14 days after treatment, respectively. DCB metabolites formed DNA adducts were monoacetyl-dichlorobenzidine(acDCB) and diacetyl-dichlorobenzidine(di-acDCB), which was identify by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-scan ionization mode(GC/MS-SIM), after hydrolysis of DCB-DNA adducts isolated from live cells and bladder epithelial cells. The base peak of acDCB were 252 and 294 m/z, and that of di-acDCB were 252, 294 and 336 m/z. In conclusion, the exposed DCB formed two kinds of DCB-DNA adduct, the proximate materials of that were acDCB and di-acDCB in liver and bladder epithelial cells. And the above GC/MS-SIM method was found the DCB-DNA adducts could be monitoring by gas chromatography.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.201-209
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• 2007

광학현미경상에서 복섬, Takifugu niphobles의 피부 표면은 불규칙한 주름을 가지는데, 이들 주름은 등 쪽보다 배 쪽에서 훨씬 뚜렷했다. 피부계는 외부로부터 상피층과 진피층으로 구분되며, 상피층은 다층상피층으로 상피세포, 점액세포, 곤봉상세포, 과립세포 그리고 multivacuolar gland들로 구성되어 있었다. 상피세포는 표면세포, 중간세포, 기저세포로 구분되며, 표면상피의 자유면은 미세융기로 덮여 있었다. 상피층의 선세포는 단세포선과 다세포선으로 구분되었다. 점액분비선은 다세포선의 형태로 점액세포들은 중성 당단백질의 점액물질을 함유하고 있었다. Multivacuolar gland들은 장경 약 $20{\mu}m$의 vacuole cell들로 구성되어 있었다. Vacuole cell들은 커다란 중심공포를 가지며, 잘 발달된 desmosome으로 연결되어 있었다. 점액분비선과 multivacuolar gland는 등 쪽에 비해 배 쪽에서 훨씬 발달되어 있었다. 진피층의 두께는 배 쪽 피부계의 경우에는 상피세포층의 3~5배였다. 진피층은 치밀결합조직으로 교원섬유, 섬유세포, 가시의 기저부, 색소세포 및 다수의 신경세포 분포가 확인되었다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.101-111
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• 2000

기생충에서 세포 표면에 존재하는 당단백 말단 Glc-NAc(N-acetylglucosa-mine)와 NeuNAc (N-acetylneuraminic acid)가 숙주 면역계를 인식하고 영양물질 흡수와 막 투과성에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려졌다. 이들 당단백 말단 GlcNAc와 NeuNAc의 폐흡충 피낭유충과 유약성충, 성충의 충체 조직세포에 분포를 확인하기 위하여 WGA 황금입자 복합체를 반응시켰다. WGA 황금입자 복합체에 반응시킨 폐흡충 발육 단계별 조직을 전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과 폐흡충 피낭유충의 표피합포체에는 황금입자가 고밀도로 표지된 것이 관찰되어 폐흡충 피낭유충 표피세포질에 lectin수용체들이 고밀도로 분포하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 유약성충과 성충의 맹관 막구조물에 WGA 황금입자가 고밀도로 표지되어 맹관의 상피세포 막 구조물에 WGA 수용체들이 고밀도로 분포하는 것으로 확인되었다. 폐흡충 피낭유충과 유약성충 그리고 성충의 배설관 상피의 막구조물에 WGA 황금입자가 표지되어 배설관상피의 막구조물에 WGA 수용체가 분포하는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 피낭유충의 표피합포체와 표피세포의 세포질에 분포하는 WGA 수용체인 GlcNAc와 NeuNAc는 숙주의 면역계와 세포인식에 관여하며 유약성충과 성충은 표피세포의 GlcNAc와 NeuNAc는 소멸되고 맹관과 배설관 상피에 GlcNAc와 NeuNAc가 분포하여 영양물질 흡수와 막수송에 의한 재흡수작용이 활발한 것이 확인되었다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.639-652
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• 2006

Objective : The etiology of chronic prostatitis is likely multifactorial, resulting from either a cascade of events after an initiating factor or from a variety of etiologic mechanisms. There is substantiating evidence to support the role of the inflammatory responses in its pathogenesis, and the clinical value in the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. Forsythiae Frucus has been traditionally used in treatment of inflammatory diseases, including of prostatitis and urinary tract inflammation. In this study, we investigated the effects of Forsythiae Frucus on inflammatory cytokines and cyto-pathological alternation in the rat model of chronic non-bacterial prostatitis induced by castration and $17{\beta}$-estradiol treatment. Methods : Two-month-old rats were treated with $17{\beta}$-estradiol after castration for induction of experimental non-bacterial prostatitis. which is similar to human chronic prostatitis in histopathological profiles. Forsythiae Frucus as an experimental specimen, and testosterone as a positive control, were administered orally. The prostates were evaluated by histopathologlcal parameters including the epithelial score and epithelio-stromal ratio for glandular damage. and the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes including interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-5, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$. eotaxin, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2(cox-2). Results : While prostates of control rats revealed severe acinar gland atrophy and stromal proliferation. the rats treated with Forsythiae Frucus showed a diminished range of tissue damage. Epithelial score was improved in the Forsythiae Frucus group over that of the control (P<0.05). The epithelia-stromal ratio was lower in the Forsythiae Frucus group when compared to that of the control (P<0.05). In the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of inflammatory cytosine genes. Forsythiae Frucus inhibited the expression of IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-$\alpha$, iNOS, cox-2 genes, while it modulated the expression of IL-5, which is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Conclusions : These findings suggest that Forsythiae Frucus may protect the glandular epithelial cells and also inhibit stromal proliferation in association with the immune modulation including the suppression of inflammatory cytokines and increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines. From theses results. we suggest that Forsythiae Frucus could be a useful remedy agents for treating chronic non-bacterial prostatitis.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.664-676
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• 2006

Objective : Although chronic non-bacterial prostatitis is a common disease, it is very difficult to treat effectively. Lygodium japonicum has been traditionally used in treatment of urinary tract inflammation and voiding disturbance. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects and action mechanism of Lygodium japonicum in the rat model of non-bacterial prostatitis induced by castration and testosterone treatment. Methods : Five-month-old rats were treated with 17$\beta$-estradiol after castration for induction of experimental non-bacterial prostatitis, which is similar to human chronic prostatitis in histopathological profiles. Lygodium japonicum and testosterone were administered as an experimental specimen and a positive control. respectively. The prostates were evaluated by histopathological parameters including the epithelial score and epithelio-stromal ratio for glandular damage. PCNA labeling index for cyto-proliferation and a TUNEL(deoxyuridine triphosphate biotin nick end-labeling) assay for cell apoptosis. Results : While prostates of control rats revealed severe acinar gland atrophy and stromal proliferation, the rats treated with Lygodium japonicum showed a diminished range of tissue damage. Epithelial score was improved in the Lygodium japonicum group over that of the control (P<0.05). The epithelio-stromal ratio was lower in the Lygodiutn japonicum group when compared to that of the control (P<0.05). Although there was no difference in PCNA and TUNEL positive cells of the glandular epithelia. we found an decreased number of PCNA positive cell and concurrent increase of TUNEL positive cells in the stroma of Lygodium japonicum treated rats (P<0.01). Conclusions : These findings suggest that Lygodium japonicum may protect the glandular epithelial cells and also inhibit stromal proliferation in association with suppression of cyto-proliferation and stimulation of apoptosis. We concluded that Lygodium japonicum could be a useful remedy agents for treating chronic non-bacterial prostatitis.