• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.57-60
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• 2004

A highly specific antigenic protein of 31 kDa from plerocercoid of Spirometra mansoni (sparganum) was obtained by gelatin affinity and Mono Q anion-exchange column chromatography. The purified 31 kDa protein was subjected to N-glycan enzymatic digestion for structural analysis. The relative electrophoretic mobility was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, before and after digestion. On SDS-PAGE after enzymatic digestion, the 31 kDa protein showed a molecular shift of approximately 2 kDa, which indicated the possession of complex N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycosidase F sensitive) but not of high-mannose oligosaccharides (endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H, non-sensitive). Chemically periodated 31 kDa protein showed statistically non-significant changes with human sparganosis sera by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Therefore, the dominant epitopes of the 31 kDa molecule in human sparganosis were found to be mainly polypeptide, while N-glycans of the antigenic molecule in sparganum was minimal in anti-carbohydrate antibody production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.585-590
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• 2002

The effects of a high level of sucrose on the moisture content, water activity, protein denaturation and sensory properties in Chinese-style pork jerky were investigated. The pork jerky with different levels (0, 12, 15, 18 and 21%) of sucrose was prepared. Fifteen frozen boneless pork legs from different animals were used in this trial. Sucrose is a non-reducing disaccharides and would not undergo non-enzymatic browning. Some studies pointed out that sucrose might be hydrolyzed during freezing, dehydration and storage into glucose and fructose, and cause non-enzymatic browning in meat products. The results showed that moisture content and water activity of pork jerky decreased with increase of the level of sucrose. At the same time, shear value was increased due to the reduced moisture content and water activity by osmotic dehydration. However, a higher level of sucrose had a significantly negative effect on protein solubility and extractability of myosin heavy chain of pork jerky due to non-enzymatic browning. From the results of sensory panel tests, the pork jerky with 21% of sucrose seems to be more acceptable by the panelists in hardness, sweetness and overall acceptability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.1006-1013
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• 2011

An enzymatic treatment method using alcalase was introduced to improve the moisture characteristic of the polyamide fiber. The alcalase treatment conditions such as the pH, treatment temperature, enzyme concentration, and treatment time were optimized by measuring the amino groups. The changes in the weight loss, tensile strength, moisture regain, water contact angle (WCA), and water absorption rate of the polyamide fiber with the changes in the alcalase treatment conditions were evaluated. The optimum alcalase treatment conditions for polyamide fiber were found to be a treatment temperature of 50oC, a treatment time of 50 minutes, an alcalase concentration of 10% (owf), and a pH of 7.0. The ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and L-cysteine accelerated the activity of the enzyme; however, they did not have an effect on the amino group production of the fiber surface. The alcalase treatment of the polyamide fiber improved the fiber's moisture regain, WCA, and absorption rate due to the amino group on the fiber surface. The results showed that the alcalase treatment of polyamide fiber is an effective method to improve the moisture characteristic of the polyamide fiber.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.131-134
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• 2008

Tea seed extract, a byproduct of tea processing, contains two kaempferol glycosides, camelliaside A and camelliaside B. Kaempferol was produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of glycosides. Optimum reaction conditions were investigated. $Pectinex^{(R)}100L$ was effective, producing kaempferol in 48 hrs. Optimum temperature and pH were $40^{\circ}C$ and 4, respectively. Ratio of substrate and enzyme affected the yield. Under optimum conditions, 1.6g kaempferol per 1 kg tea seed extract was produced and 80% of kaempferol precipitated. This result shows that kaempferol could be produced mildly and effectively using tea-processing byproduct.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2013

The steam explosion-chemical pretreatment is a more effective wood pretreatment technique than the conventional physical pretreatment by accelerating reactions during the pretreatment process. In this paper, two-stage pretreatment processes of hardwood were investigated for its enzymatic hydrolysis and the succinic acid yield from the pretreated solid. The first stage pretreatment was performed under conditions of low severity to optimize the amount of solid recovery. In the second stage pretreatment washed solid material from the first stage pretreatment step was impregnated again with chemical (alkaline or chlorine-based chemicals) to remove a portion of the lignin, and to make the cellulose more accessible to enzymatic attack. The effects of pretreatment were assessed by enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, after the two stage pretreatments. Maximum succinic acid yield (16.1 g $L^{-1}$ and 77.5%) was obtained when the two stage pretreatments were performed at steam explosion -3% KOH.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.232-242
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to examine changes in the porosity and internal structure of wood as it goes through the process of saccharification (extraction of fermentable sugars). This study also examined the use of different drying methods to prepare samples for characterization of internal pores, with particular emphasis on the partially disrupted cell wall. Aspen wood flour samples after dilute acid pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis were examined for nitrogen adsorption. The resulting isotherms were analyzed for surface area, pore size distribution, and total pore volume. Results showed that freeze drying (with sample pre-freezing) maintains the cell wall structure, allowing for examination of saccharification effects. Acid pretreatment (hemicellulose removal) doubled the surface area and tripled the total volume of pores, which were mostly 10-20 nm wide. Subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis (cellulose removal) caused a 5-fold increase in the surface area and a ~ 11-fold increase in the total volume of pores, which ranged from 5 to 100 nm in width. These results indicate that nitrogen adsorption analysis is a feasible technique to examine the internal pore structure of lignocellulosic residues after saccharification. The information on the pore structure will be useful when considering value-adding options for utilizing the solid waste for biofuel production.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2023

Intermuscular fat is essential for enhancing the flavor and texture of cultured meat. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from intermuscular adipose tissues are a source of intermuscular fat. Therefore, as a step towards developing a platform to derive intermuscular fat from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for insertion between myofibrils in cultured beef, an advanced protocol of intermuscular adipose tissue dissociation effective to the isolation of MSCs from intermuscular adipose tissues was developed in cattle. To accomplish this, physical steps were added to the enzymatic dissociation of intermuscular adipose tissues, and the MSCs were established from primary cells dissociated with physical step-free and step-added enzymatic dissociation protocols. The application of a physical step (intensive shaking up) at 5 minutes intervals during enzymatic dissociation resulted in the greatest number of primary cells derived from intermuscular adipose tissues, showed effective formation of colony forming units-fibroblasts (CFU-Fs) from the retrieved primary cells, and generated MSCs with no increase in doubling time. Thus, this protocol will contribute to the stable supply of good quality adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) as a fat source for the production of marbled cultured beef.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 2002

An enzymatic reaction for the production of D-alanine from D-aspartic acid and pyruvate as substrates by a thermostable D-amino acid aminotransferase (D-AAT) was investigated at various conditions In the temperature range of 40-70$\^{C}$ and pH range of 6.0-9.5. The D-AAT was produced with recombinant E. coli BL21, which hosted the chimeric plasmid pTLK2 harboring the D-AAT from the novel thermophilic Bacillus sp. LK-2. The enzyme reaction was shown to follow the Ping Pong Bi Bi mechanism. The K$\_$m/ values for D-aspartic acid and pyruvate were 4.38 mar and 0.72 mM, respectively. It was observed that competitive inhibition by D-alanine, the product of this reaction, was evident with the inhibition constant K$\_$i/ value of 0.1 mM. A unique feature of this reaction scheme is that the decorboxylation of oxaloacetic acid, one of the products, spontaneously produces pyruvate. Therefore, only a catalytic amount of pyruvate is necessary for the enzyme conversion reaction to proceed. A typical time-course kinetic study skewed that D-alanine up to 88 mM could be produced from 100 mM of D-aspartic acid with a molar yield of 1.0.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.245-247
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• 2013

The potential of the red ginseng marc (RGM) for the production of bio-ethanol using enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation without any additional nutrients was investigated. Reducing sugar content in RGM treated with Viscozyme and Flavourzyme was 101.1 g/L and was much higher than that (7.2 g/L) in intact RGM. When enzymatically hydrolyzed red ginseng marc (ERGM) was fermented with commercially available dry yeast at $25^{\circ}C$ for 7 days, the final ethanol concentration reached 29.3 g/L with ethanol yield at 0.274 g of ethanol per 1 g of solubilized total sugar. Ethanol concentration and ethanol yield of ERGM were drastically increased over 1000% and 50%, respectively than those of RGM.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.709-712
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• 2009

Enzymatic glucosylation with glycosyltransferases can be used to regulate the water solubility of aglycone. The drawback of this process is the demand of UDP-glucose as a sugar donor. We made an in-frame fusion of the flavonoid O-glucosyltransferase (OsUGT-3) and sucrose synthase (AtSUS) genes. The resulting fusion protein, OsUGT3-AtSUS, was expressed in E. coli and purified. When sucrose and UDP were supplied, the fusion protein was able to convert quercetin into quercetin O-glucoside without the addition of UDP-glucose. In addition, UDP-glucose was recycled when sucrose was added to the reaction mixture. This fusion protein is useful for the enzymatic production of flavonoid O-glucosides.