• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.101-117
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• 2024

The conversion characteristics of the major components of Liriodendron tulipifera were investigated during acid-catalyzed organosolv pretreatment. Glucan in L. tulipifera was slowly hydrolyzed, whereas xylan was rapidly hydrolyzed. Simultaneous hydrolysis and degradation of xylan and lignin occurred; however, after complete hydrolysis of xylan at higher temperatures, lignin remained and was not completely degraded or solubilized. These conversion characteristics influence the structural properties of glucan in L. tulipifera. Critical hydrolysis of the crystalline regions in glucan occurred along with rapid hydrolysis of the amorphous regions in xylan and lignin. Breakdown of internal lignin and xylan bonds, along with solubilization of lignin, causes destruction of the lignin-carbohydrate complex. Over a temperature of 160℃, the lignin that remained was coalesced, migrated, and re-deposited on the surface of pretreated solid residue, resulting in a drastic increase in the number and content of lignin droplets. From the results, the characteristic conversions of each constituent and the changes in the structural properties in L. tulipifera effectively improved enzymatic hydrolysis in the range of 140℃-150℃. Therefore, it can be concluded that significant changes in the biomass recalcitrance of L. tulipifera occurred during organosolv pretreatment.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.183-190
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• 2010

Blueberry was enzymatically hydrolyzed using selected commercial food grade carbohydrases (AMG, Celluclast, Termamyl, Ultraflo and Viscozyme) and proteases (Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Kojizyme, Neutrase and Protamex) to obtain water soluble compounds, and their protective effect was investigated against $H_2O_2$-induced damage in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cell line (V79-4) via various published methods. Both AMG and Alcalase hydrolysates showed higher total phenolic content as well as higher cell viability and ROS scavenging activities, and hence, selected for further antioxidant assays. Both AMG and Alcalase hydrolysates also showed higher protective effects against lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and apoptotic body formation in a dose-dependent fashion. Thus, the results indicated that water soluble compounds obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of blueberry possess good antioxidant activity against $H_2O_2$-induced cell damage in vitro.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 1976

Since cellulose is the only organic material that is annually replenishable in very large quantities, we must explore ways to utilize it as a source of energy, food and chemicals. For the utilization of this resource, it is first enzymatic hydrolyzed to glucose, then the glucose can be used as a food, converted single cell protein by microorganism, fermented to clean burning fuel and other chemicals. Cellulolytic enzyme, cellulase, consists of two or three major components, $C_1-cellulase$, $C_x-cellulase$ and ${\beta}-glucosidase$. $C_x-cellulase$ are fairly common but $C_1-cellulase$ are quite rare. Trichoderma viride is the best source of active cellulose, especially $C_1-enzyme$. Saccharification rate of cellulose in greatly influenced by the degree of crystallinity and extent of lignification. But by the pretreatment the substrate with cellulose swelling agent, delignifying reagent and physical treatment, the degree of saccharification is enhanced. Thus, glucose syrups of 2 to 10% concentration are realized from milled newspaper. The enzymatic hydrolysis of such energy rich material, such as cellulose, to glucose is technically feasible and practically achievable on a very large scale.

• ALGAE
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.341-347
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• 2003

The potential antioxidative activity of water-soluble enzymatic hydrolyzates from a kelp, Ecklonia cava was evaluated by free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation assays. To prepare water-soluble hydrolyzates from E. cava the seaweed was enzymatically hydrolyzed by five carbohydrases (Viscozyme, Celluclast, AMG, Termamyl and Ultraflo) and five proteases (Protamex, Kojizyme, Neutrase, Flavourzyme and Alcalase). Among all the hydrolyzates, Celluclast hydrolyzate effectively scavenged free radicals released from DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2- pricrylhydrazyl) and recorded around 73% scavenging activity at the concentration of 4 mg ${\cdot}ml^{-1}$. This hydrolyzate was thermally stable and DPPH radical scavenging activity remained 80% or higher at heating temperatures of 40 and 60$^{\circ}C$ up to 12 h and around 80% at 100$^{\circ}C$ up to 8 h. AMG and Ultraflo hydrolyzate inhibited the lipid peroxidation of fish oil as that of $\alpha$-tocopherol. These results suggested that an enzymatic extraction will be an effective way for the production of a potential antioxidant from seaweeds.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.30-33
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• 2015

Enzymatic modification of proteins is often used to increase the biological activity of materials. Silkworm powder has been investigated as a functional food resource, but no study has been performed on its modification by commercial food enzyme. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the feasibility of such modification of silkworm powder by alkaline protease. The activity of the enzyme was confirmed using an azocasein assay. Subsequently the silkworm powder was hydrolyzed by enzymatic treatment. UV visible spectrometry showed that the supernatant of silkworm powder subjected to enzymatic treatment had a stronger absorption band than the untreated powder. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis showed that the molecular weight of silkworm powder decreased on enzymatic treatment. Thus the results indicate that commercial enzymes might be used to modify the characteristics of silkworm powder.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.687-700
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• 2021

This study performed to evaluate the applicability of functional dairy food materials by comparing the calcium solubilization ability and anti-inflammatory effects of hydrolyzed casein protein. Commercial enzyme (Alcalase^®; Neutrase^®; Protamex^®; Flavourzyme^®) was added to the 10% casein solution to prepare the casein hydrolysates. Samples obtained every hour [1:200 (w/v)]. According to results of measuring the degree of hydrolysis (DH), all of four enzymatic hydrolysates increased rapidly from 30 to 40 min, and after 150 min, there were no change. Protamex^® and Neutrase^® had the highest DH compared to others enzymatic hydrolysates. After that, peptides obtained throughout a preparative liquid chromatography system. In the calcium solubility experiments, neutrase fraction (NF) 4 and NF7 showed similar activities with casein phosphopeptide (CPP). In vitro cell experiments showed that no cytotoxicity except for NF6. Also, the production of nitric oxide (NO) inhibited as the concentration of fraction samples increased. The cytokine (IL-1α, IL-6, and TNF-α) production was lower than lipopolysaccharide (+) group significantly. Therefore, the possibility of anti-inflammatory activity found in the hydrolyzed samples. According to the above experiments, NF3 and Protamex Fraction (PF) 3 selected. Amino acids selected throughout an AccQ-Tag system. As a result, 17 species of amino acids and several species of unknown amino acids identified. Both fractions had the highest content of phenylalanine. This study identified the potential of biologically active and functional peptides derived from casein that affect the food and dairy industry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.115-123
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• 2001

This paper discussed the assessment of hand of cotton fabrics by enzymatic hydrolysis. The subjective hand and preference of denim fabrics finished by enzymatic hydrolysis were evaluated using the scale developed. The factors affecting consumers taste for denim fabrics were analyzed by the statistical technique. The effects of enzymatic hydrolysis on the properties of cotton fabrics were also evaluated by subjective hand measurements. The results are as follow; As the weight loss increased, evaluators thought that fabrics become finer, smoother, softer, warmer and more refined, and the sense of durability is sleeker and weaker, and the sense of weight is more flexible, flossier, lighter, softer, thinner. They didnt catch the change of moisture related properties according to the rate of weight loss. They also thought fabrics became more elastic, and less wrinklier as the weight loss increased. As the weight loss increased, the fabric was more preferred. The limited weight loss which changes the preference from \"dislike\" to \"like\" was 12.87%. The most preferred fabric was that with 12.87% of weight loss. It is supposed that the preference of fabric was related to the terms such as \"sum-se-ha-da\"(섬세하다), \"mai-ku-rup-da\"(매끄럽다), \"yoo-yon-ha-da\"(유연하다), \"too-bak-ji-an-da\"(투박하지 않다), \"chom-chom-ha-da\"(촘촘하다), \"gil-ki-da\"(질기다), \"kun-juk-goe-ri-ji-an-da\"(끈적거리지 않다), \"ku-kim-i-ka-ji-an-nun-da\"(구김이 가지 않는다).

• KSBB Journal
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.307-315
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• 2014

Recently seaweed polysaccharides have been extensively studied for alternative energy application. Because their producing cost is high and efficiency low, their industrial applications have been limited. The main component of cell wall of red algae represented by Gelidiales and Gracilariales is agar. Red-algae agar or galactan, consisting of D-galactose and 3, 6-anhydro-L-galactose, is suitable for bio-product application if hydrolyzed to monomer unit. For the hydrolysis of algae, chemical or enzymatic treatment can be used. A chemical process using a strong acid is simple and efficient, but it generates together with target sugar and toxic compounds. In an enzymatic hydrolysis process, target sugar without toxic compounds generation. The objective of this review is to summary the recent data of saccharification by chemical and enzymatic means from red seaweed for especially focused on automobile industry.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.383-386
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• 1997

Maize starches with different amylose content were repeated autoclaving-cooling cycles up to 4 times, and the yield of resistant starch (RS) from autoclaved maize starches was investigated by enzymatic-gravimetric method and ${\alpha}-amylase$ treatment. With increasing amylose content in starch and the number of autoclaving-cooling cycles, RS yield was also increased, regardless of isolation method. Enzymatic-gravimetric method severely hydrolyzed amorphous region of autoclaved maize starches. Crystalline region was obtained more effectively by enzymatic-gravimetric method than by ${\alpha}-amylase$ treatment.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2001

Enzymatic hydrolysis of different forms of silk fibroin (soluble, gel and insoluble forms) by industrial and commercial enzyme preparations to obtain aqueous and powdered silk fibroin in relatively mild conditions was investigated. A mono-enzymatic hydrolysate systems were tested for hydrolysis of water-soluble form of fibroin as most productive form of protein substrate. Insoluble forms of substrate usually were hydrolyzed less effective. In some cases from soluble fibroin substrate gel was formed during hydrolysis process. This hindered intermixing and decreased rates of hydrolysis. Insoluble sediments were formed in enzymatic hydrolysates in other cases. These sediments and also sediment after chemical hydrolysis were purified and tested on amino acids content for comparison. Sediments formation in these conditions are considered as pure tyrosine isolation method. Obtained hydrolysates were characterized by gel-chromatography analysis and other standard biochemical methods. Possibility of application of enzymatic hydrolysis for preparation of silk fibroin hydrolysates is discussed.