• Human Ecology Research
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.515-527
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• 2016

This study investigated social determinants and their interaction effects on the health of school-aged children in diverse environmental factors pertaining to the individual, family, and peers from an ecological systematic perspective. Data were drawn from the first wave of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) developed by the National Youth Policy Institute and conducted in 2010. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Cronbach ${\alpha}$, correlation, and hierarchical regression analysis using SPSS ver. 18. The results from this study showed that sex and age were related to the health of school-aged children, as social determinants. Self-rated levels of the health of boys and younger children were more positive than girls and older children; in addition, levels of self-resilience, satisfaction of peer relation, and parenting rearing attitude were found to have a positive impact on self-rated levels of the health of school-aged children as protective factors. Especially, according to the result of interaction analysis between factors, self-resilience, and parenting rearing attitude were moderators of the effects on between sex and household income and self-rated level of the health of school-aged children respectively. The findings from this study suggested the need to expand the social intervention range to improve school-aged children's health.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.48-60
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the attributes of the concept, of psychological resistance to antihypertensive medication. Methods: The study was conducted in accordance with Walker and Avant's conceptual analysis process. We reviewed 47 related studies selected from 4 international and Korean databases including Medline, CINAHL, NDSL, and RISS to perform the analytical processes from January 1980 to September 2015. Results: The attributes of psychological resistance to antihypertensive medication include 1) reservation, 2) opposition, 3) denial, 4) refusal, and 5) seeking alternative therapy. The antecedents of the concept can be classified into patient factors such as reactance trait and knowledge deficit, provider factors, interpersonal factors, and environmental factors. The consequences of psychological resistance to antihypertensive medication are non-compliance, deterioration of the disease, developing complications, increased anxiety, and changes in life. Conclusions: The concept of psycho logical resistance to antihypertensive medication can provide guidance for the development of an intervention program that promotes the compliance to medication regimen of hypertensive patients. Further research needs to be done to develop a measurement tool for psychological resistance to antihypertensive medication.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.1979-1995
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• 2015

Network convergence is regarded as the development tendency of the future wireless networks, for which self-organization paradigms provide a promising solution to alleviate the upgrading capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operating expenditures (OPEX). Self-optimization, as a critical functionality of self-organization, employs a decentralized paradigm to dynamically adapt the varying environmental circumstances while without relying on centralized control or human intervention. In this paper, we present comprehensive surveys of heterogeneous networks (HetNets) and investigate the enhanced self-optimization models. Self-optimization approaches such as dynamic mobile access network selection, spectrum resource allocation and power control for HetNets, etc., are surveyed and compared, with possible methodologies to achieve self-optimization summarized. We hope this survey paper can provide the insight and the roadmap for future research efforts in the self-optimization of convergence networks.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 2008

Chronic exposure to ethanol induces cumulative damage to the liver starting from fatty infiltration to cirrhosis depending on the dose and duration of exposure. The whole process leading to the development of alcoholic liver disease is very complex and the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Among many experimental animal models, Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet provides moderate to severe pathophysiological outcome depending on the compositional changes. In the present study, we investigated the temporal changes in the early phase hepatic disease in rats fed with standard Lieber-DeCarli diet. Male Wistar rats were fed with Lieber-Decarli ethanol diet for 6 weeks and the liver samples were obtained after 2, 4 and 6 weeks. Mild fatty infiltration was observed in 2 weeks of feeding and it became evident in 4 and 6 week samples. The level of hepatic triglyceride showed a good agreement with the data obtained in the pathological analysis. Feeding mice with ethanol diet resulted in the maturation and translocation of SREBP-1 to nucleus in the liver. Western blot analysis of the pooled liver sample of control and ethanol fed animals showed a clear-cut time-dependent increase in the expression of nSREBP-1. These data provide important information for selecting proper time point in experimental intervention study in the field of drug development for alcoholic liver disease.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.74-82
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• 2006

Purpose: This study used MDS-HC 2.0 to identify health problems in the elderly who live alone. Method: The subjects of this study were 100 living-alone elders aged over 65 in Daegu city. This study was performed through home visiting interviews during the period from the 1st of September to the 30th of September 2005. Analysis in this study was made using SPSS Version 11.0. Results: Frequent health problems in the living-alone elderly were: preventive heath measure (90), health promotion (80), social function (78), visual function (75), depression and anxiety (61), pain and communication disorder (60), cognition (55), environmental assessment (48) and oral health (45) in order of frequency. Informal services were provided to 73% of the subjects for emotional support. IADL services were provided to 57% of the subjects, and ADL services to 66%. Conclusion: Nursing intervention programs based on health problems from MDS-HC 2.0 should be provided in order to cope with individual health problems and living-alone elders needs. The results of this study suggest that MDS-HC 2.0 is applicable to help decide nursing interventions for the elderly who live alone in community.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.146-157
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• 2014

Purpose: The objective of this study is to analyze systematically the trends of experimental researches in the area of community health nursing. Methods: This is a study based on literature review, which analyzed 137 experimental research papers in the Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing, from the first issue in 1989 to those in 2012. Results: 1) The proportion of experimental researches in the total published papers was 14.9%. 2) The mainly used research method was quasi-experiment, which was 60.6% of them, and there was no RCT. 3) Convenient sampling was used in 95.6% of the researches. 4) Only 5.1% were reviewed for keeping the ethical standards for the study objects by the IRB. 5 When classified by the Omaha Classification System, psycho-social researches were most frequent, which were followed by physiological, health-related behavioral, and environmental ones in order of frequency. Conclusion: This study found that the proportion of experimental research papers was increasing in the 2000s and ethical standards were required more rigorously. However, it was suggested that the research design be more elaborated and sampling methods be manifested to reduce research bias and errors.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.449-458
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to level of satisfaction among mothers of preschoolers. Methods: Participants were 359 mothers of firstborn healthy preschoolers. The questionnaires were collected from August 1 to November 21, 2012. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Results: The mean score for degree of mothers' parenting satisfaction was 5.94 out of 7. There were significant differences in the level of parenting satisfaction according to mother's job (t=2.48, p=.014), planned pregnancy (t=3.07, p=.002), number of children (t=2.22, p=.027), and parenting education (F=4.33, p=.005). The environmental variables of age of spouse (F=3.06, p=.048) and monthly income of the household (F=2.87, p=.036) also seemed to have an influence. Analysis of predictors such as the mother's job, planned pregnancy, parenting education, overall health problems, parenting stress, perception of emotional status and behaviors in children, age of spouse, and spouse's support explained 31.5% of the variance in mother's parenting satisfaction. Conclusion: The results suggest a need to develop nursing intervention programs for parenting stress reduction, and health programs for fathers to support mothers' child rearing.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.335-340
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• 2006

A large number of toxicological substances and pharmacological and physical agents can cause reproductive intervention at the cellular and molecular level. The present study was designed to assess the effect of mercury ($HgCl_2$) at 50 to $550{\mu}M$ concentration ranges, in vitro, on the sperm membrane and DNA integrity, viability, and acrosomal status of normal bull spermatozoa. The samples were processed for sperm analyses using semen-diluting fluid (PBS, pH 7.2). We recorded a sharp increase in the lipid peroxidation/LPO rate; the highest was at $550{\mu}M$ mercury concentration, indicating a deleterious effect of mercury on the sperm membrane intactness. There was also a strong negative correlation between LPO rate and % viable spermatozoa (R = 0.987, p<0.001). Data obtained from a comet assay technique revealed that mercury is capable of inducing DNA breaks in the sperm nuclei. Interestingly, 92% of DNA breaks were double-stranded. The correlation between LPO rate and % DNA breaks was 0.984. Performing the gelatin test indicates that mercury is able to alter the integrity of acrosomal membranes showing an abnormal acrosome reaction. In this regard, a strong link was found between LPO rate and % halos (R = 0.990, p<0.001). Collectively, mercury proved to be a potent oxidant in the category of environmental factors affecting bull spermatozoa. Hence, considering the wide spread use of mercury and its compounds, these metals should be regarded with more concern.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.93-103
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the factors that increase fall risk in the residential environment and the perceived fall risk among community-dwelling elderly through comparisons between fallers and non-fallers. Methods: The subjects were 95 community-dwelling elderly aged 65 years and over residing in the metropolitan city of Ulsan. A structured questionnaire consisting of items on sociodemographics and health- and fall-related characteristics was used and data were collected from July to August 2015. The data were analyzed with the SPSS/WIN program. Results: Among recent fallers, 38.9% had diagnosed diseases when the fall occurred, 56.87% were fearful of a recurrent fall, and 86.5% stated that they were increasing their carefulness but that had led to a decrease in activity. There were significant differences between elders who had fallen at least once and elders who had no falls in age, health status, depression, the experience of falling, fear of falling, diseases, and medications. Conclusion: The results indicate a need to assess risk factors to identify older adults with a high risk for falling and the need to develop multifactorial intervention programs that consider both environmental and perceived risk factors as well as physical risk factors to reduce and prevent falls among the elderly.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.47-55
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• 2018

Objectives: Clinical improvements can be observed following placebo administrations in clinical trials. Randomized controlled trials have been conducted to disentangle the specific effects of therapeutic interventions over the past decade. In acupuncture trials, non-penetrating placebo needles offer the opportunity to determine the specific effects of needling. Methods: The present review provides an overview of the concept of the placebo effect and the characteristics of the placebo needles. Results: Placebo control can contribute to minimize for bias and the contextual and psychological components of therapeutic interventions. Placebo control should meet two criteria: blinding efficacy (indistinguishable from active treatment) and physiological inertness. In the case of acupuncture, however, it is difficult to meet both criteria simultaneously. The dilemma of placebo needles suggests that placebo needles do not constitute proper control in acupuncture research. Considering the characteristics of placebo needles, patients are more likely to perceive placebo needles as active treatment in acupuncture trials compared to placebo pills in pharmaceutical trials. Placebo response might be observed more frequently to placebo needles than to placebo pills. When acupuncture treatments are utilized in clinical use, placebo effects can be enhanced by exploiting patients' expectations in the contextual or environmental cues that surround medical intervention. Conclusions: We have to consider these unique characteristics of placebo needles in order to avoid drawing premature conclusions that acupuncture itself is just a placebo.